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Using a 3D geometric morphometric approach, the study analyzes skull variability between populations from various latitudes and climates. Two null hypotheses are tested: (1) differences in skull size and shape are unrelated to climate, and (2) no differences exist between populations with recent versus ancient cold adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skulls from five populations across different climates were analyzed using 3D geometric morphometrics. Landmarks were digitized, and statistical analyses were performed to evaluate size and shape variations among the populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One\u2010way ANOVA Bonferroni post hoc analysis revealed significant size differences. Norsemen differed significantly from all other samples, except Sub\u2010Saharan Africans. Cold\u2010adapted populations exhibited larger skull sizes, whereas populations from mild and hot climates had smaller skulls. However, Norsemen exhibited unexpectedly smaller sizes. Notable anatomical disparities are observed along both PCs. PC1+ showed increased prognathism and wider faces in Southern Patagonia and Greenland Thule. PC2+ highlighted larger faces and sloping foreheads in Southern Patagonia and European populations. Median shape analysis reveals pronounced prognathism and wider skulls in Southern Patagonia, with Greenland Thule showing similar traits but with a more globular braincase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Notable craniofacial similarities associated with extreme cold adaptation, including increased prognathism, prominent glabellar and supraciliary regions, lateral zygomatic expansion, enlarged nasal cavity and orbits, and elongated, flattened braincase, despite genetic differences. However, the Norse sample presents a deviation from expected patterns, exhibiting smaller sizes despite inhabiting a cold region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1750069825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Eco\u2010Geographical Variation in Craniofacial Size and Shape, With Emphasis in Cold Adaptation, Through a 3D Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Domingo","family":"D\u2019Angelo del Campo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Centro Cient\u00edfico Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2010Tandil (CONICET, CCT Tandil)  Tandil Argentina"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda Evolutiva Humana (LEEH), Unidad de Ense\u00f1anza Universitaria Quequ\u00e9n (UEUQ) Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (FACSO), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA)  Quequ\u00e9n Argentina"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Poblaciones de Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Museo de Antropolog\u00eda Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Arqueol\u00f3gica y Antropol\u00f3gica (INIAA), Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca (UMRPSFXCH)  Sucre Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclkan","family":"G\u00f6kdo\u011fan Aktepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Antropolog\u00eda F\u00edsica, Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecolog\u00eda y Evoluci\u00f3n Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Paleobiolog\u00eda, Grupo de Paleoantropolog\u00eda Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Garc\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Antropolog\u00eda F\u00edsica, Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecolog\u00eda y Evoluci\u00f3n Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Center for Functional Ecology\u2010Science for People and the Planet (CFE) Universidade de Coimbra (UC)  Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana (CENIEH)  Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"The Influence of Physical Conditions in the Genesis of Species","volume":"1","author":"Allen J. 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