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Compared with body mass, (1) Brain size enlargement has occurred convergently in many anthropoid lineages. (2) Tarsiers and anthropoids evolved smaller olfactory bulbs and larger neocortices than strepsirrhines. (3) Enlargement of tarsier and anthropoid non\u2010frontal regions (occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes), not of the frontal lobe, accounts for larger neocortex size. Considering brain proportions relative to brain size yields similar findings: (1) Tarsiers and extant and fossil anthropoids have smaller olfactory bulbs and larger neocortices than strepsirrhines. (2) Tarsier and anthropoid neocortical expansion occurred principally in regions where visual signals are processed. (3) Correspondingly, species with relatively more visual input also have larger non\u2010frontal neocortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Shifts in brain proportions found in the stem anthropoid\n                      <jats:italic>Simonsius<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and stem platyrrhines and catarrhines were established before brain enlargement. The neocortex was enlarged, with disproportionate expansion of regions where visual signals are processed, emphasizing the heightened importance of the haplorhine visual system. Depending on the phylogenetic position of omomyoid haplorhines, large shifts in neocorticalization either occurred separately in stem tarsiids and anthropoids or once in the stem lineage leading to tarsiids and anthropoids.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:44:58Z","timestamp":1751352298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Fossil Record of Anthropoid Brain Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4219-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard F.","family":"Kay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Division of Earth and Climate Sciences Nicholas School, Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-3041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Christopher","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Texas  Austin Texas USA"},{"name":"Jackson School Museum of Earth History University of Texas  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio F.","family":"Vizcaino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Paleontolog\u00eda de Vertebrados Museo de La Plata, Unidades de Investigaci\u00f3n Anexo Museo  La Plata Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET)  Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Susana","family":"Bargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Paleontolog\u00eda de Vertebrados Museo de La Plata, Unidades de Investigaci\u00f3n Anexo Museo  La Plata Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET)  Buenos Aires Argentina"},{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA)  La Plata Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari L.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selby","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Texas  Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2625"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2412815"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20362"},{"issue":"54","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Brain Size and Endocranial Morphology of Antillothrix (Holocene, Dominican Republic, Hispaniola)","volume":"147","author":"Allen K. 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