{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:59:29Z","timestamp":1790769569929,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015681","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Palarq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we present the findings of an incipient caries lesion on a permanent upper left second molar attributed to an adult male Neandertal individual from El Sidr\u00f3n Cave. This study presents new data regarding the antiquity of human caries lesions, their development, and the possibility of the para\u2010masticatory behavior component as a contributory factor in their origin, at least in <jats:italic>Homo neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The tooth was examined using a \u03bcCT scan to confirm the lesion and to evaluate its extent. Element chemical analysis was performed to check the decalcification on both the lesion edges and pristine surfaces (as carious lesions often involve demineraization of the tissues) using an environmental scanning electron microscope.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lesion was located on the occlusal surface on the protocone cusp, a small furrow filled with sediment, 2.6\u2009mm in length and 0.78\u2009mm in width, and mineral loss on the white surrounding area compared to the apparently intact adjacent enamel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This pit lesion resembles the appearance of other Neandertal carious lesions, all from temperate environments. Calcium and phosphorus loss has been documented as has been characterized on dental caries. Regarding the etiology, we propose that an intense masticatory and para\u2010masticatory activity combined with evidence for a mixed diet with a high carbohydrate component, the molar tooth may have developed a crack lesion, which was then colonized by a bacterial biofilm that deepened into the dentine and developed this small channel\u2010shaped caries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T03:29:27Z","timestamp":1751513367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brief Communication: An Incipient Coronal Caries Lesion on a Neandertal Molar Tooth From El Sidr\u00f3n Cave (Northern Spain)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2295-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almudena","family":"Estalrrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PaleoAntropology Group, Departament of Paleobiology National Museum of Natural History (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"EvoAdapta Group University of Cantabria  Santander Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Stomatology University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5400-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Garc\u00eda","family":"Tabernero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PaleoAntropology Group, Departament of Paleobiology National Museum of Natural History (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Physical Anthropology Area Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Le\u00f3n  Le\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5829-9952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PaleoAntropology Group, Departament of Paleobiology National Museum of Natural History (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"A Work on Operative Dentistry","author":"Black G. 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