{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T22:44:21Z","timestamp":1757630661235,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paleoanthropologists hypothesize that the iliac flare of the pelvis reflects the size of the digestive tract (\u201cgut\u201d). However, gut size might be related to the pelvic canal because the bony canal anchors the pelvic floor muscles that support the abdominal weight. Here, we test if canal size or iliac flare can be used to infer gut size variation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used 3D landmarks to measure iliac flare, midplane, and outlet dimensions. We used CT volumetry to determine gut volume in living humans (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200983) and multiple regression to assess the relationship of gut volume (GV) with the pelvis and body weight (BW).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our female sample, we found (1) there is a small but significant relationship between cranial iliac flare, BW, and GV (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.20, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and (2) between the anteroposterior dimension of the canal outlet, BW, and GV (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In our male sample, we found (1) a relationship between all flare metrics, BW, and GV (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.45\u20130.48, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and (2) a relationship between the mediolateral dimensions of the outlet, BW, and GV (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.56, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that neither iliac flare nor the pelvic canal size is reliable for quantitative estimates of gut volume, but cranial flare and outlet dimensions have weak associations with gut size if sex is known. We should be mindful of how sex influences the gut\u2010pelvis relationship when considering the gut size of fossil hominins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:05:12Z","timestamp":1753866312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the Pelvic Canal and Iliac Flare as Indicators of Gut Size"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"187","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0847-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology California State University\u2010Long Beach  Long Beach California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9840-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanelle","family":"Uy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology California State University\u2010Long Beach  Long Beach California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330750107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Adams D. M.Collyer A.Kaliontzopoulou andE.Baken.2024.\u201cGeomorph: Software for Geometric Morphometric Analyses.\u201d R Package Version 4.0.8.https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/package=geomorph."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13723"},{"volume-title":"Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data Geometric and Biology","year":"1991","author":"Bookstein F. L.","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Boyle E. K.2019.\u201cTesting Hypotheses About the Relationship Between Diet and Torso Morphology in Extant Primates: Implications for Human Evolution (22615617).\u201d Doctoral diss. The George Washington University Washington DC."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Iliac Flare Is Related to Body Mass and Gut Size in Apes, but Not in Monkeys","volume":"165","author":"Boyle E. K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01425-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-2-185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11669.x"},{"volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024","author":"R Core Team","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04546-4"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biomechanical Trade\u2010Offs in the Pelvic Floor Constrain the Evolution of the Human Birth Canal","volume":"118","author":"Stansfield E.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80052-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/692113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/300083"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.70097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T18:49:04Z","timestamp":1757530144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.70097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.70097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.70097","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2692-7691"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2692-7691"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70097"}}