{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T13:36:38Z","timestamp":1773408998188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011936","name":"Department of Anthropology, McMaster University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper explores metric manifestations of anemia in crania undergoing growth and development using micro\u2010CT imaging. It proposes a framework for assigning a most\u2010likely diagnostic option for anemia, based on evaluating the parameters proposed in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010eight orbits\/frontal bones of individuals aged birth to 15\u2009years from Quebecois and Dutch archaeological collections dating to the 18th and 19th centuries underwent micro\u2010CT analysis. Individuals were visually assessed for skeletal manifestations of marrow hyperplasia within the internal marrow space using a scoring rubric. Bone microarchitecture measurements were used to calculate <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores and identify individuals who displayed potential manifestations of marrow hyperplasia. Relative cortical thickness ratios of the frontal bone were calculated for 16 individuals. Error testing was performed for all evaluations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the micro\u2010CT analysis and our diagnostic framework, anemia was inferred in 16% (10\/61) of the sample that was preserved well enough for the study. Trabecular separation T\u2010scores were considered the most significant metric for evaluating anemia. Frontal bone ratios were regarded as less insightful due to the imaging technique used. Age had a significant effect on bone measurements, and high repeatability was seen across methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, recommendations for assigning a diagnostic option prioritize evaluating metric features strongly related to anemia through a biological approach that considers the etiology of marrow hyperplasia. Including a combination of metric and internal visual evaluation criteria provides clearer lines of evidence for the assessment of abnormal bone changes associated with anemia beyond the macroscopic evaluation of porous lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T11:35:15Z","timestamp":1758108915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Framework for Anemia Differential Diagnosis in Paleopathology Incorporating Metric Methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1049-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianne","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1913-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Schats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alie E.","family":"van der Merwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Ribot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Montr\u00e9al  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Waters\u2010Rist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8934-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan B.","family":"Brickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology McMaster University  Hamilton Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.110.3.635"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2023.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2021.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3737.760"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"Een Knekelveld Maakt Geschiedenis: Het Archeologisch Onderzoek Van Het Koor en Het Grafveld Van de Middeleeuwse Catharinakerk in Eindhoven, Circa 1200\u20131850","author":"Arts N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","unstructured":"Baetsen S.2001.\u201cGraven in de Grote Kerk. 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