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Examine (1) proline's potential for identifying breastfeeding and weaning; (2) the influence of physiological and pathological stress on AA\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N; (3) the reliability of trophic position (TP) estimates from phenylalanine (Phe) and glutamate (Glx)\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N during dietary transitions; and (4) mother\u2010infant trophic enrichment factors (TEF\n                      <jats:sub>Glx\u2010Phe<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) as indicators of infant dietary protein quality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three mother\u2010infant dyads provided fingernail clippings (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943) for CSIA\u2010AA analysis pre\u2010 and post\u2010birth, alongside dietary and health surveys.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Proline\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N was elevated by 2.4\u2030\u20133.5\u2030 in exclusively breastfed infants compared to their mothers and decreased by 2.2\u2030\u20134.1\u2030 during weaning. Phenylalanine\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N showed large positive shifts (e.g., by 6.7\u2030) during maternal stress, despite being a source AA expected to remain stable. TP differences between mother\u2010infant pairs were minimal (\u22120.2 to 0.1), except for one pair with higher infant TP (by 0.6\u20131.5). The calculated TEF\n                      <jats:sub>Glx\u2010Phe<\/jats:sub>\n                      for infants ranged from \u22121.4\u2030 to 11.3\u2030.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Proline\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N reliably tracks nutritional transitions, likely due to its role in arginine synthesis during infancy. The unexpected variability in\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N\n                      <jats:sub>Phe<\/jats:sub>\n                      complicates its use in TP and dietary protein quality assessments. This variability may result from phenylalanine's slow turnover and delayed dietary incorporation during endogenous catabolism. TP is an unreliable marker of breastfeeding or weaning. TEF\n                      <jats:sub>Glx\u2010Phe<\/jats:sub>\n                      for infants seems indicative of high dietary protein quality, but interpretations must consider the influence of non\u2010dietary factors on\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N\n                      <jats:sub>Phe<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:02:41Z","timestamp":1759917761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Early Childhood Diet, Stress, Trophic Position and Dietary Protein Quality Using Amino Acid Nitrogen Isotope Compositions of Fingernail Keratin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1444-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Salahuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology, Western University  London Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1807-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Waters\u2010Rist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology, Western University  London Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred J.","family":"Longstaffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences, Western University  London Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02894-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2007.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-152818-8.50029-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24591"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps342085"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2009.7.740"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac071223b"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3252"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09171"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.7.1126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22384"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/23.7.986"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Annual Report of the Director of the Geophysical Laboratory","author":"Fogel M. 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