{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T17:09:14Z","timestamp":1772989754548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates how demographic factors influenced mortality risk during the Black Death. Uniquely, we examine how specific ages\u2010at\u2010death given sex (e.g., 18\u201326\u2009years old, female) experienced the Black Death and whether the intersection of those identities further compounded vulnerability. We hypothesize that individuals who were at the intersection of being younger and male faced higher mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed skeletal data from seven medieval London cemeteries using the Wellcome Osteological Research Database (WORD). The variables analyzed were the interaction of sex and age\u2010at\u2010death, and we controlled for heterogeneity in the attritional burials with a variable identifying cemeteries as being composed of laypersons\/religious clergy\/combination, urban\/rural context, and frailty markers. Logistic regression assessed plague mortality risk, with survivorship compared via Kaplan\u2013Meier curves. Missing data were imputed with missForest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only one category in the interaction term, males aged 52\u201364, was statistically significant and protective, showing lower odds of being buried in the plague cemetery. Urban\/rural context and layperson\/religious\/combination were not statistically significant, but the presence of frailty was.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate that the Black Death amplified biological and social vulnerabilities: supporting our hypothesis, middle\u2010aged males had higher mortality risk in the Black Death cemetery, possibly due to differences in social buffering and biological resilience. These results demonstrate the complex intersection of social and biological factors in shaping plague mortality, where biological susceptibility may have outweighed social disadvantage. These findings show how pandemics are shaped by existing social inequalities, offering important insight for understanding health disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:35:33Z","timestamp":1769067333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Who the Plague Chose: Exploring Intersecting Social Risk in Black Death Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Marlon","family":"Cuaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of HESBS Moreno Valley College  Moreno Valley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7888-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Godde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of HESBS Moreno Valley College  Moreno Valley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2018.1457794"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13216394"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11634\u2010014\u20100195\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jbr.2014.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Health Disparities in the United States","author":"Barr D. A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"The Black Death 1346\u20131353: The Complete History","author":"Benedictow O. L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201036201\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113001286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Bermondsey: Its Historic Memories and Associations","author":"Clarke E. T.","year":"1901"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St Mary Spital: Excavations at Spitalfields Market, London E1, 1991\u20102007","author":"Connell B.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315574233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2019.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"Recueil Des Chroniques de Flandre","author":"De Smet J. J.","year":"1856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20974"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Black Death Bodies","volume":"6","author":"DeWitte S. N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fragments: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Ancient and Medieval Pasts"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/JINH_a_00500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705460105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139167697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24838"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00438240500404391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1469605307086080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5284\/1000273"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014358415896"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201013198\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24244"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","volume-title":"Growing Up in Medieval London: The Experience of Childhood in History","author":"Hanawalt B. A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.25009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","volume-title":"Living and Dying in England 1100\u20131540\u2009: The Monastic Experience: The Monastic Experience","author":"Harvey B.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","volume-title":"Knighton's Chronicle 1337\u20131396","author":"Knighton H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0038713414000815"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","volume-title":"Social Epidemiology: New Perspectives on Social Determinants of Global Population Health","author":"Kubzansky L.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00766097.2016.1147787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450769936X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"London Museum.2022.\u201cPolicy for the Care of Human Remains in London Museum Collections.\u201dLondon Museum.https:\/\/media.londonmuseum.org.uk\/documents\/Human\u2010remains\u2010policy_March_22\u2010New\u2010Brand_VVBi5vO.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45991"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","volume-title":"Quantitative Methods for Analysing Travel Behaviour of Individuals","author":"McFadden D.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL050168"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","volume-title":"Advances in Parasitology","author":"Mitchell P. D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812865115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.630449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2020.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201dR Foundation for Statistical Computing.http:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","volume-title":"Health and Disease in Britain: From Prehistory to the Present Day","author":"Roberts C. A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18352\/tseg.986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","volume-title":"Excavations in the City of London: Second Interim Report, 1974\u20131978","author":"Schofield J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","volume-title":"The Fourth Estate: A History of Women in the Middle Ages","author":"Shahar S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0289.2011.00625.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","volume-title":"The Black Death in London","author":"Sloane B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","volume-title":"Women in Medieval Society","author":"Smith R. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010022\u201004800\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005523330643"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/203717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","unstructured":"Therneau T.2015.\u201cA Package for Survival Analysis in R. Version 2.38.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(13)70323\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2016.1275792"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2010.00335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201602-095AW"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1973573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2019.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","unstructured":"WORD Database.2019.\u201cWellcome Osteological Research Database.\u201dMuseum of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","volume-title":"The Black Death","author":"Ziegler P.","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.70206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajpa.70206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.70206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:04:34Z","timestamp":1772971474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.70206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.70206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.70206","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-7691","2692-7691"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-7691","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-7691","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70206"}}