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Radiogrammetry of the second metacarpal was used to calculate the metacarpal cortical index (MCI). A subsample of 153 individuals with anterior dentition was used to assess the association between MCI and LEH. Statistical analyses evaluated differences in MCI by sex, age group, historical period, and LEH. Depending on the results, parametric (Student's\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test or one\u2010way ANOVA) or non\u2010parametric tests (Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      or Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests) were applied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No statistically significant differences in MCI were observed by sex, age group, or historical period. In contrast, individuals exhibiting LEH showed significantly lower MCI values compared to those without LEH (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that early\u2010life stressors may play a more important role in adult bone health than broad demographic variables, suggesting that early\u2010life stressors may negatively affect bone health in adulthood, supporting early\u2010life programming theory. This study provides the first evidence in Spain of cortical bone loss as assessed through radiogrammetry and is the first to explore the relationship between MCI and LEH, which can establish a foundation for future paleopathological research and comparative studies in Europe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T02:54:48Z","timestamp":1775271288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cortical Bone Loss in Barcelona Across Time (1st Century\n                    <scp>CE<\/scp>\n                    \u201318th Century\n                    <scp>CE<\/scp>\n                    ) and Its Potential Relationship With Linear Enamel Hypoplasia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"189","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8754-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony","family":"Cevallos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat d'Anatomia i Embriologia Humana, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de La Salut Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Tarrag\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acad\u00e8mia de Ci\u00e8ncies Veterin\u00e0ries de Catalunya  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carme","family":"Rissech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat d'Anatomia i Embriologia Humana, Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de La Salut Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119151647.ch11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23647"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22547"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2025.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2010.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756\u2010185X.13326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009\u20109260(60)80012\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2006.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"\u201cLa Cristianizaci\u00f3n Del\u201d Suburbium \u201cde\u201d Barcino. 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