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Plio\u2010Pleistocene assemblages from eastern Africa also preserve a rich cercopithecid fossil record, albeit one dominated by papionins and by larger\u2010bodied colobine taxa; smaller\u2010bodied colobines and guenons remain relatively rare in this period. Here we report on a fossil monkey assemblage from the Markaytoli collection area within the Ledi\u2010Geraru Research Project permit region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2012 to 2020, approximately 750 fossil specimens were recovered from the Markaytoli, including nearly 100 assigned to the family Cercopithecidae. These are compared to modern African cercopithecids and to fossil evidence from other Pleistocene sites in eastern Africa, especially the Afar Region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cercopithecid fauna from Markaytoli is dominated by specimens we attribute here to\n                      <jats:italic>Colobus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. and\n                      <jats:italic>Chlorocebus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp., with limited evidence for a large papionin. The\n                      <jats:italic>Colobus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Chlorocebus<\/jats:italic>\n                      material is comparable to that from other Middle Pleistocene sites (e.g., Asbole, Andalee) but shows some potential differences compared with Late Pleistocene samples (e.g., Halibee) and modern representatives.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These fossils add to a growing record of fossil colobines and guenons from the Pleistocene of the Afar Region. Similarities with other Middle Pleistocene monkey samples support initial biochronological analyses from non\u2010primate taxa for the site. More work is needed to clarify the meaning of potential morphological differences between a growing ~Middle Pleistocene sample and Late Pleistocene or modern\n                      <jats:italic>Chlorocebus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Colobus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the Awash Valley Region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T09:50:08Z","timestamp":1781517008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cercopithecid Monkeys From the Pleistocene Markaytoli Site at Ledi\u2010Geraru, Afar Region, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3300-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene E.","family":"Smail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine  Lewisburg West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0956-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia L.","family":"Arenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8768-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York  New York New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Division of Paleontology American Museum of Natural History  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0424-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Sargis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Divisions of Vertebrate Paleontology and Vertebrate Zoology Yale Peabody Museum  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7150-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy L.","family":"Rector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Sciences Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaye E.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"},{"name":"Institute of Human Origins Walton Center for Planetary Health  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1251\u20108050(00)01450\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlae152"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914\u2010025\u201009778\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2021.103136"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2009.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(88)90096-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1993.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)7:5<155::AID-EVAN2>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09560"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"503","volume-title":"Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Primates: New Insights and Directions","author":"Bergman T. 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