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Given the scarcity of Early Pleistocene costal remains in the context of human evolution, we aimed to study the cross\u2010sectional anatomy of fossil ribs from that period and compare them to a modern human ontogenetic series ranging from 8 to over 30\u2009years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We extracted the rib cross section at the midshaft of 6 fossil ribs attributed to several H. antecessor individuals and 10 fossil ribs of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>H. erectus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s. l. specimen KNM\u2010WT 15000. Then we compared their relative mineralized area with that of the full, unilateral costal series of 27\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      individuals spanning different ontogenetic stages (pre\u2010pubescent, post\u2010pubescent, adult).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings indicate that rib cross\u2010sectional mineralized area of H. antecessor is close to that of subadult\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , sharing a similar U\u2010shaped trend along the costal series. Values are considerably lower compared to KNM\u2010WT 15000, which shows a higher mineralized area at the middle thoracic rib levels rather than at the extremes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Despite possible taphonomic alteration of fossil ribs, these results suggest a different, possibly derived pattern of rib cross\u2010sectional mineralized area in H. antecessor compared to more primitive Early Pleistocene hominins. However, considering the earlier ontogenetic stage of KNM\u2010WT 15000, we cannot discard that ribs of H. antecessor belong to individuals exhibiting a postcranial growth pattern similar to that of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>H. erectus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s. l., but at a more advanced phase in development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T09:56:38Z","timestamp":1782294998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rib Cross\u2010Sectional Mineralized Area in Early Pleistocene Hominins: Insights From the\n                    <i>Homo antecessor<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>H. erectus<\/i>\n                    <scp>s<\/scp>\n                    . l. Fossil Record"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. M.","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Physical Anthropology Unit, Faculty of Biological Sciences Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Center for Functional Ecology \u2010 Science for People and the Planet (CFE), Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra (UC)  Coimbra Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"G\u00f3mez\u2010Olivencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\u2010Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV\/EHU)  Leioa Spain"},{"name":"Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi  Donostia\u2010San Sebasti\u00e1n Spain"},{"name":"Centro Mixto (UCM\u2010ISCIII) de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humano  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Cambra\u2010Moo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9216-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (UAM)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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