{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:59:35Z","timestamp":1785499175025,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While sex estimation based on morphological features of the adult skeleton is considered reliable, it proves to be challenging, especially in skeletons of subadults. The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of sex estimation of the methods described below and errors within the observer and between observers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this purpose, samples from 20 individuals from four different skeleton series from Lower Saxony (Germany) were analyzed. DNA\u2010analytical examinations were used for sex determination. The primary aim was to validate the morphological and osteometric method applied to the Facies auricularis as described by Luna et\u00a0al. (2017, 2021), alongside the discriminant function analyses for the Os ilium and mandible outlined by Schutkowski (1990). The morphological and osteometric procedures were performed as a blind study and as an inter\u2010observer study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contrary to the results from previous studies, none of the methodologies proved to be suitable for reliable sex estimation on the skeleton of subadults. However, the discriminant functions (DF) according to Schutkowski (1990) show a higher certainty of determination than the methodology proposed by Luna et\u00a0al. (2017, 2021).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methods for sex estimation in subadult individuals hold considerable promise. However, their validity and transferability to other populations and time periods remain problematic. Demographic factors and population\u2010specific differences result in varying levels of accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T02:39:36Z","timestamp":1783564776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Morphological and Osteometric Sex Estimation on Historical Skeletal Material of Subadult Individuals From Germany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9450-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara L.","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Legal Medicine Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6577-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina M. J.","family":"Tenorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Hixt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8437-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Mazanec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0815-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Grosskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of G\u00f6ttingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/anthranz\/1843"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"L\u00fcbecker Kolloquium zur Stadtarch\u00e4ologie im Hanseraum VIII","author":"Arndt B.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"Austen I.2021.\u201cHow Thousands of Indigenous Children Vanished in Canada. 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