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In conjunction with data derived from other fossil specimens, we test whether ecogeographic rules relating body size and shape to climate apply to late Middle to Late Pleistocene East Asian\n                      <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preserved portions of the Wajak femur were micro\u2010CT scanned and used to reconstruct the whole bone using a sample of modern human femora as a template. Body mass and stature were reconstructed from femoral head breadth and length. Similar data were derived from eight penecontemporaneous (40\u201328\u2009ka) and five earlier (ca 260\u2013112\u2009ka) East Asian femora or tibiae, spanning a wide latitudinal range. Anthropometric data from 74 living Old World populations were also included in comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher latitude individuals are heavier and relatively wider\u2010bodied than lower latitude individuals in both fossil groups and among modern populations. There is also a temporal decline in body mass and relative body breadth in both latitudinal zones. Stature shows much weaker associations with both climate and time period. The Wajak femur is long (468\u2009mm) and likely male, with an estimated stature of 170.5\u2009cm but a relatively linear body shape, consistent with these patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ecogeographic rules that relate surface area\/body mass to temperature appear to apply to East Asian late Middle to Late Pleistocene\n                      <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                      as well as modern humans. The temporal decline in body mass and breadth may be due to technological changes during the Late Pleistocene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:02:27Z","timestamp":1784782947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reconstruction and Comparative Analysis of a Large Late Pleistocene Modern Human Femur From Wajak, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-3634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Ruff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-074X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam D.","family":"Sylvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center  Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden University Faculty of Archaeology  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6061-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Storm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Institute of Archaeology University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2098-8496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofwan","family":"Noerwidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Archaeometry National Research and Innovation Agency  Jakarta Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5757-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine C.","family":"Joordens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center  Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"The Influence of Physical Conditions on the Genesis of Species","volume":"1","author":"Allen J. 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