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To investigate how these changes have manifested in local subsistence contexts, we compared hair carbon and nitrogen isotope values between two populations representing swidden\u2010 and paddy\u2010farming systems, and assessed how isotopic variations reflect the differences in subsistence practices and degrees of livelihood transformation. By analyzing commonly consumed foodstuffs, we provide the first isotopic dataset of foods from northern Laos and baselines for interpreting human tissue isotope values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scalp hair and food samples and sociodemographic data were collected from the study villages. In total, 175 hair and 69 food samples were analyzed. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine associations with subsistence\/economic and dietary variables. Rice\u2013hair isotopic offsets were calculated to qualitatively assess dietary patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hair\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N was higher in the paddy\u2010farming village than in the swidden\u2010farming village. In the swidden\u2010farming village, individuals who shifted to paddy cultivation showed higher\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                      N and lower\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C values than those who primarily practiced swidden cultivation. In the paddy\u2010farming village, individuals with greater market involvement exhibited higher hair\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C values. The rice\u2013hair offsets suggested elevated market food consumption among paddy field cultivators.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The differences in hair isotope values between (sub)populations can be attributed to isotopic variations in rice, the staple food, and to the differences in market participation. Market integration can lead to an increase in hair\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C, but the overall isotopic outcome is highly context dependent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:42:22Z","timestamp":1785566542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Livelihood and Dietary Transitions in Subsistence Populations of Northern Laos: Insights From Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7834-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, Graduate School of 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