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This study addresses this issue by integrating an Early Medieval population from Pohansko (Czechia; 9th\u201310th centuries CE) with a Spanish modern professional athlete reference sample characterised by well\u2010defined activity regimes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lower limb entheseal areas of the\n                      <jats:italic>gluteus medius<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>gluteus maximus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>vasti<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>gastrocnemius<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>soleus<\/jats:italic>\n                      muscles were quantified in the archaeological individuals and in Modern Athletes (sprinters, endurance runners, climbers) using 3D modeling and the VERA protocol. Non\u2010adjusted and size\u2010adjusted data were analysed using univariate and multivariate approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Modern Athletes exhibit significantly larger entheseal areas than Pohansko individuals for all muscles except the\n                      <jats:italic>soleus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , supporting the relationship between cumulative mechanical loading and entheseal development. Multivariate analyses differentiate both samples and distinguish locomotor strategies among athletes, with the\n                      <jats:italic>soleus<\/jats:italic>\n                      enthesis contributing most strongly to functional variation. Sexual dimorphism is consistent and male\u2010biased in athletes but variable and enthesis\u2010specific in the Pohansko sample.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results highlight the potential and limitations of entheseal areas for reconstructing behavioral and functional variation in past populations. In Modern Athletes, only the\n                      <jats:italic>soleus<\/jats:italic>\n                      enthesis distinguished climbers from runners, regardless of sex, but not sprinters from endurance runners. In Pohansko, it displayed marked female\u2013male differences, consistent with a sex\u2010based division of labour. These findings suggest that lower limb entheses differ in their sensitivity to mechanical loading, with the\n                      <jats:italic>soleus<\/jats:italic>\n                      primarily reflecting locomotor loading rather than sex differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T07:25:36Z","timestamp":1787037936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lower Limb Entheseal Variation in Modern Athletes and an Early Medieval Population: Implications for Activity Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8693-4423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Mach\u00e1\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology and Museology Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Luis","family":"Parrado\u2010Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Aceleradores  Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Alcal\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Aceleradores  Sevilla Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics III, Engineering School University of Seville  Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor Manuel","family":"Encinas\u2010Tobajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Unit, Radiology Department Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio  Sevilla Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Paediatric and Radiology, Area of Radiology and Physical Medicine University of Sevilla  Sevilla Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3141-3401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN\u2010CSIC) Calle Jos\u00e9 Guti\u00e9rrez Abascal  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5537-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Sl\u00e1dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768\u2010200006000\u201000014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.719"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.03.2014.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.075697"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"B\u00e1lint C. andF.Daim1989.Die Arch\u00e4ologie der Steppe: Steppenv\u00f6lker zwischen Volga und Donau vom 6. bis zum 10. 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