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Evolutionary accounts increasingly explain such features through conflict among parties with divergent fitness interests. We argue that conflict loses discriminating power when the term is extended to physical limits, to cooperative interactions, and to trade\u2010offs within a single organism, and that this loss occurs as a formally derived concept becomes a framing metaphor in synthetic and applied literatures. We set out an explanatory architecture in which four processes\u2014genetic conflict, constraint, cooperative dependence, and life\u2010history allocation\u2014occupy distinct positions within a single optimization structure: constraint specifies the feasible set and the shape of the benefit and cost functions, allocation identifies the optimum for one party within it, and conflict and cooperative dependence describe how many parties hold optima on the same joint phenotype and whether their marginal interests oppose or align. A cross\u2010cutting temporal dimension covers traits whose consequences fall on one individual at more than one time. We restate conflict as a claim about marginal rather than total fitness returns, so that shared benefit neither establishes nor refutes it. Explicit coding rules assign nine phenomena a primary architecture and contributing processes, with evidence status, standing in the literature, and discriminating predictions. Two worked cases\u2014the obstetrical dilemma and lactational amenorrhea\u2014convert contested labels into separable empirical programs. The framework does not settle these questions; it specifies which measurements would.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:57:04Z","timestamp":1789361824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conflict, Constraint, Cooperation, and Allocation: A Plural Evolutionary Architecture for Human Reproductive Paradoxes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9229-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cayla","family":"Karls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louna","family":"Bohbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine McGill University  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7247-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias M.","family":"Dahdouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"},{"name":"ART\u2010Reproductive Center, CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Balayla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute (LDI) Jewish General Hospital  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology McGill University  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0907-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311857110"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.05.110174.001545"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(91)90059-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285398"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1993.1272"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1807"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501741326"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90060-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2014.923938"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003766.pub6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199231157.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173865.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711911105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614551004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793103006432"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00819"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","volume-title":"Williams Obstetrics","author":"Cunningham F. 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