{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T06:32:51Z","timestamp":1793169171099,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Biological Anthropology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study tests the \u201cRelease of the Capacitor\u201d hypothesis to determine whether modern human hand modularity is an inherent developmental baseline or a product of evolutionary parcellation. It compares evolutionary versus intrinsic developmental integration, contrasts the evolvability of anatomical rays against data\u2010driven partitions, and tests the relationship between phenotypic integration and evolvability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 1214 two\u2010dimensional images from 607 right\u2010handed adults across three regional Indian populations was utilized. Thirty\u2010two homologous landmarks captured palmar and digital topography. Using geometric morphometrics and Procrustes ANOVA, phenotypic variation was decomposed into inherent developmental and population\u2010level phenotypic integration. Evolutionary divergence (Mahalanobis distance) was evaluated across anatomical and data\u2010driven partitions and validated via bootstrap canonical variate analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developmental scaffold exhibits strikingly low integration, indicating strong inherent modularity. Conversely, population\u2010level variation reveals increased integration. The palmar hub and middle finger emerged as primary evolutionary hotspots among anatomical rays; however, automated searches revealed cross\u2010digital functional grip\u2010units also achieve high evolutionary divergence. The integration\u2010evolvability relationship is non\u2010linear; highly integrated structures like the palm still drive morphological divergence through internal reorganization, reflecting mosaic evolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The profound disparity between developmental and population\u2010level integration does not support the \u201cRelease of the Capacitor\u201d hypothesis in the sampled populations. While observational, these patterns strongly suggest that modularity is developmentally inherent. The hand begins as a highly modular developmental field, but its architecture exhibits greater population\u2010level integration, including coordinated variation within functional regions that may reflect the demands associated with precision dexterity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:42:42Z","timestamp":1792809762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental Modularity and Evolutionary Integration: A Morphometrics Study of the Hand Among Indian Populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"191","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-6474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritwik","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences Indira Gandhi National Open University  New Delhi 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