{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:45:28Z","timestamp":1760820328875},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]],"date-time":"2011-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantitative assays of mucosal biofilms on ex vivo samples are challenging using the currently applied specialized microscopic techniques to identify them. The COMSTAT2 computer program has been applied to in vitro biofilm models for quantifying biofilm structures seen on confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The aim of this study was to quantify <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>) biofilms seen via CSLM on ex situ samples of sinonasal mucosa, using the COMSTAT2 program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> biofilms were grown in frontal sinuses of 4 merino sheep as per a previously standardized sheep sinusitis model for biofilms. Two sinonasal mucosal samples, 10 mm \u00d7 10 mm in size, from each of the 2 sinuses of the 4 sheep were analyzed for biofilm presence with Baclight stain and CSLM. Two random image stacks of mucosa with <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> biofilm were recorded from each sample, and analyzed using COMSTAT2 software that translates image stacks into a simplified 3\u2010dimensional matrix of biofilm mass by eliminating surrounding host tissue. Three independent observers analyzed images using COMSTAT2 and 3 repeated rounds of analyses were done to calculate biofilm biomass.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COMSTAT2 application uses an observer\u2010dependent threshold setting to translate CSLM biofilm images into a simplified 3\u2010dimensional output for quantitative analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between thresholds set by the 3 observers for each image stacks was 0.59 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0003). Threshold values set at different points of time by a single observer also showed significant correlation as seen by ICC of 0.80 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>COMSTAT2 can be applied to quantify and study the complex 3\u2010dimensional biofilm structures that are recorded via CSLM on mucosal tissue like the sinonasal mucosa. \u00a9 2011 ARS\u2010AAOA, LLC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]],"date-time":"2011-07-29T16:37:38Z","timestamp":1311957458000},"page":"57-62","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Quantitative analysis of in vivo mucosal bacterial biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Deepti","family":"Singhal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Boase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Jardeleza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Foreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter\u2010John","family":"Wormald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5409.1837"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3319"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biofilms and chronic rhinosinusitis: systematic review of evidence, current concepts and directions for research","volume":"45","author":"Harvey RJ","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2005.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2010.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01323.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2395"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31806009b0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Palmer RJ","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.1.327-329.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260450607"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1223(96)00013-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(94)90042-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1223(99)00152-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.11.4115-4127.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2008.22.3232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2006.20.2930"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2008.22.3180"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"Programs for determining statistically representative areas of microbial biofilms","volume":"4","author":"Korber DR","year":"1992","journal-title":"Binary"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927019309386264"}],"container-title":["International Forum of Allergy &amp; 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