{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T05:36:38Z","timestamp":1761975398112},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]],"date-time":"2014-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The etiology of the intense inflammatory response showed by patients with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) remains a mystery. Potential sources of this inflammation may include fungal proteases. Protease\u2010activated receptors (PARs) are components of the innate immune response that are modulated by proteolytic activity and are involved in potentiating T helper 2 (Th2) responses. The objective of the study was to determine whether there is differential expression of PARs in patients with AFRS compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was designed as a comparison of gene expression profiles in patients with AFRS vs diseased and nondiseased controls. Twenty\u2010five patients were enrolled. Patients with AFRS (n = 15) were compared to nondiseased controls (n = 5) undergoing minimally invasive pituitary surgery (MIPS) and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP, n = 5) undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Ethmoid mucosa RNA was hybridized to 4\u00d744K microarray chips. Four gene probes (PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, and PAR4) were used to assess for differential expression. A linear\u2010mixed model was used to account for some patients having multiple samples. Significance level was determined at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 4 probes, only PAR3 showed statistically significant differential expression between AFRS and nondiseased control samples (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) as well as a 2.21\u2010fold change. No additional statistical difference in PAR expression among the comparison groups was noted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PARs have been shown to enhance production of inflammatory cytokines and potentiate Th2 responses. In this initial report, patients with AFRS have a significantly increased expression of PAR3 compared to nondiseased controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]],"date-time":"2014-02-05T18:03:10Z","timestamp":1391623390000},"page":"266-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Expression of protease\u2010activated receptors in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Charles S.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kibwei A.","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill 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