{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:36:58Z","timestamp":1790293018867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to assess the face and content validity of the sheep head model in endoscopic rhinology training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was a prospective evaluation study. Experienced otolaryngologists and trainees were recruited to complete 7 endoscopic rhinology tasks on pre\u2010prepared sheep heads. All participants completed a validated 20\u00aditem questionnaire using a 5\u2010point Likert scale to assess the model across 4 domains: face validity (FV), global content (GC), task\u2010specific content (TSC), and curriculum applicability (CTR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants, including 25 experienced otolaryngologists and 45 trainees, completed all tasks. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups\u2019 ratings for FV, GC, or CTR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.50.7, 0.278, and 0.157, respectively). The model achieved median face validity of 4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 4 to 5) with the agreement of experienced surgeons and trainees alike (95% and 90%, respectively). The median global content was 4 (IQR: 4 to 5 and agreement of 88% and 87%. There was some variation in the rating of task\u2010specific content. A total of 6 tasks achieved validity with the agreement of experienced otolaryngologists. The highest\u2010rated tasks were \u201cexamination under anesthesia\u201d and \u201cforeign body retrieval.\u201d Participants agreed on curriculum incorporation, transferability, and recommendation to trainees (median: 5; IQR: 4 to 5 and 95% to 97% agreement).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sheep head model achieved face and content validity for endoscopic rhinology training. It is safe, affordable, and can aid early\u2010years trainees in acquiring a range of basic endoscopic rhinology skills.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T15:20:08Z","timestamp":1410794408000},"page":"851-858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Face and content validity of sheep heads in endoscopic rhinology training"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Zaid","family":"Awad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Touska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ziprin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Darzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil Samuel","family":"Tolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service (NHS) Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Department of Health","author":"Healthand Social Care Information Centre","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2006.01275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"United Kingdom Public General Act; 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