{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:39:22Z","timestamp":1790710762583,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,30]],"date-time":"2014-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasal obstruction is a common otolaryngologic complaint, yet the mechanism of sensing airflow is not commonly understood. The objective of this work was to review current knowledge on the physiological mechanism for sensing nasal airflow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current literature pertaining to nasal sensation to airflow was retrieved using PubMed and Google Scholar searches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary physiological mechanism that produces the sensation of ample nasal airflow is activation of trigeminal cool thermoreceptors, specifically transient receptor potential melastatin family member 8 (TRPM8), by nasal mucosal cooling. The dynamic change in temperature is ultimately sensed. Nasal mucosal cooling is a result of conductive heat loss, driven by temperature gradient, and evaporative heat loss, driven by humidity gradient. The perception of ample nasal airflow is dependent on the overall nasal surface area stimulated by mucosal cooling, which is mainly governed by air flow patterns. Cool thermoreceptors in the nasal mucosa are connected to the respiratory centers and consequently can alter respiration patterns. Mechanoreceptors do not seem to play a role in sensing nasal airflow. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling could be a valuable objective tool in evaluating patients with nasal congestion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the physiological mechanism of how the nose senses airflow can aid in diagnosing the cause behind patient symptoms, which allows physicians to provide better treatment options for patients. \u00a92014 ARSAAOA, LLC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,30]],"date-time":"2014-07-30T21:10:27Z","timestamp":1406754627000},"page":"834-838","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["The physiological mechanism for sensing nasal airflow: A literature review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jeanie","family":"Sozansky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Ohio Medical University  Rootstown OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Houser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology MetroHealth Medical Center Case Western Reserve University College of Medicine  Cleveland OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S8077"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813509776"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2012.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(97)90045-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"New aerodynamic aspects of nasal patency","volume":"33","author":"Naito K","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-003-0041-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488809107383"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24265"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2008.22.3194"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1989.tb00367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510110503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"1189","article-title":"A physiological stimulus to upper airway receptors in humans","volume":"51","author":"McBride B","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1984.129.5.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201006-042RN"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-9974-8-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino11.089","article-title":"The menthol and cold sensation receptor TRPM8 in normal human nasal mucosa and rhinitis","volume":"49","author":"Keh SM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-007-0007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948809700317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","first-page":"1534","article-title":"[Stimulation of trigeminal receptors of the nasal mucosa by respiratory airflow]","volume":"70","author":"Glebovski\u012d VD","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S8088"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"Doc07","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses","volume":"9","author":"Beule AG","year":"2010","journal-title":"GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","first-page":"Doc03","article-title":"Surgery of the turbinates and \u201cempty nose\u201d syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Scheithauer MO","year":"2010","journal-title":"GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-2513-4"}],"container-title":["International Forum of Allergy &amp; 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