{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T21:16:34Z","timestamp":1781212594425,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasal polyposis is characterized by persistent inflammation but the pathogenesis is complex and still debatable. Autophagy has been associated with many human health problems including chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Whether autophagy plays a role in nasal polyps and could be a therapeutic target is completely unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied light chain 3 (LC3) protein expression, a common indication of autophagy, in fresh tissue specimens of 5 nasal polyps and 6 normal nasal mucosa by Western blot analysis. The results were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using additional 25 paraffin\u2010embedded nasal tissue sections. Finally the autophagic activity was validated in nasal polyp\u2013derived fibroblasts by evaluating the number of green fluorescent protein (GFP)\u2010labeled LC3 puncta.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression of LC3 was dramatically decreased in all 5 nasal polyp tissues. In contrast, protein kinase B\u2013mechanistic target of rapamycin (Akt\u2010mTOR) signaling, an established negative regulator of autophagy, was significantly activated in these tissues. Immunohistochemical results further demonstrated a negative correlation between autophagy and nasal polyps (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). GFP\u2010LC3 puncta formation, an alternative indicator of autophagy, was also diminished in nasal polyp\u2013derived fibroblasts (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autophagy is deficient presumably due to suppression by high Akt\u2010mTOR activity in nasal polyps, which may provide a molecular basis for future mechanistic study of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T15:26:21Z","timestamp":1419261981000},"page":"119-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Autophagy is deficient in nasal polyps: implications for the pathogenesis of the disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jeff Yi\u2010Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzyh\u2010Chyuan","family":"Hour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheau\u2010Fang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta\u2010Tung Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen\u2010Yu","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao\u2010Kang Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hau\u2010Ren","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Institute of Molecular Biology National Chung Cheng University  Chia\u2010Yi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke\u2010Li","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenq\u2010Yuh","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology National Taiwan University, College of Medicine  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling\u2010Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Kaohsiung Municipal Ta\u2010Tung Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2013.27.3926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3282fb2885"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3282f363f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240501900103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.2968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63371-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31816b4b6f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"[Gene expression profiles in human nasal polyps studied by DNA microarray]","volume":"22","author":"Liu B","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940611500609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"EP3OS 2007: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. 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