{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:09:06Z","timestamp":1791893346764,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]],"date-time":"2015-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation Antoine Turmel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have previously demonstrated that persistent symptoms following functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is associated with Gram\u2010negative bacterial carriage. Mechanisms for this remain unknown. We wished to determine whether Gram\u2010negative carriage in patients with CRS with nasal polyposis is associated with a more severe inflammatory phenomenon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred and thirty\u2010seven patients with CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) previously phenotyped for genetic association studies with questionnaire, serum biomarkers, and endoscopically\u2010obtained swab cultures were studied. These were separated according to the presence (wGN) or absence (sGN) of Gram\u2010negative bacterial carriage; demographic parameters and available serum biomarkers (complete blood count [CBC], total immunoglobulin E [IgE]) were then compared. Subgroup analysis for <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (GNwPa) and non\u2010<jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> Gram\u2010negative bacteria (GNsPs) was performed in order to explore potentially differential roles of these bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gram\u2010negative bacterial carriage was not associated with a difference in demographic parameters or serum biomarkers. However, <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> carriage was associated with a higher self\u2010reported incidence of asthma (GNwPa 79%, sGN 57%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.048). Interestingly, serum IgE was increased in the non\u2010<jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> Gram\u2010negative population (GNsPs: 338 IU\/mL, sGN: 195 IU\/mL; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.026).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRSwNP patients colonized with Gram\u2010negative bacteria have a similar pattern of inflammation as assessed by serum biomarkers to those colonized with Gram\u2010positive ones. Gram\u2010negative bacteria may contribute to development of a T helper 2 (Th2) phenotype via other mechanisms, possibly via Toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4)\u2010mediated interleukin 33 (IL\u201033) production. Differences in phenotype associated with <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> species carriage suggest a different behavior than other Gram\u2010negative bacteria, supporting their importance as disease modifiers in CRSwNP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]],"date-time":"2015-01-30T13:56:55Z","timestamp":1422626215000},"page":"289-293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Gram\u2010negative bacterial carriage in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis is not associated with more severe inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Tabet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CRCHUM)  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandra Mfuna","family":"Endam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CRCHUM)  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Boisvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Saint\u2010Fran\u00e7ois d'Assise Hospital  Quebec City QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis\u2010Philippe","family":"Boulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec  Quebec City QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Desrosiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CRCHUM)  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CHUM)  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199802000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"252","article-title":"One\u2010year outcome analysis of functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis","volume":"27","author":"Sobol SE","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811416318a268"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the polymicrobial flora in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"39","author":"Stephenson MF","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.09.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.16.10689"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(02)00343-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065898781390000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2227OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.105218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","article-title":"Maill\u00e9 \u00c9. 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