{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:34:04Z","timestamp":1790656444181,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"CMP Therapeutics Ltd, Biopark Hertfordhsire, UK"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the effect of chitin on the inflammation and immune modulation of the nasal mucosa. This compound was compared to placebo and as a positive control we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen healthy nonsmoking volunteers 22 to 28 years of age were included. All persons underwent exposure to chitin microparticles (CP) and placebo in a randomized double\u2010blinded fashion. In a last session we used LPS from <jats:italic>Enterobacter agglomerans<\/jats:italic> in a single\u2010blinded fashion. There were 2 weeks between each session. The outcome measures were Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and nasal lavage for cytokines and cells at 0, 3, 4, 8 hours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that CP was only weakly inflammatory compared to LPS. In contrast to the LPS response, we did however show an immune\u2010regulatory effect of CP on enhanced interleukin (IL)\u20104 and IL\u20106 responses known to downregulate T helper 2 (Th2) responses, indicating a potential beneficial effect of CP for the regulation of the allergic Th2 immune response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study also shows that CP is well tolerated in healthy volunteers, and that does not induce significantly more symptoms compared to placebo. In fact there is a tendency for CP instillation to induce less rhinorrhoea compared to placebo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T23:29:53Z","timestamp":1428449393000},"page":"716-723","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The change in nasal inflammatory markers after intranasal challenges with particulate chitin and lipopolysaccharide: a randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled, crossover study with a positive control"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Torben","family":"Sigsgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment, Occupation and Health Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa  Iowa City IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivi","family":"Schl\u00fcnssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment, Occupation and Health Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"B\u00f8nl\u00f8kke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment, Occupation and Health Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingunn S.","family":"Riddervold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environment, Occupation and Health Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa  Iowa City IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels Trolle","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neill M.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roji Ltd  Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7589"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.1.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.10.6284","article-title":"Long term prevention of allergic lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"162","author":"Sur S","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.12.7054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.6.2555","article-title":"Modulation of airway inflammation by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in a murine model of asthma","volume":"160","author":"Kline JN","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000049504"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.4.778-780.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry","author":"Westphal O","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00527-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Acoustic rhinometry: recommendations for technical specifications and standard operating procedures","volume":"16","author":"Hilberg O","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rhinol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.7.2133","article-title":"Biphasic production of IL\u20108 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)\u2010stimulated human whole blood. 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