{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:57:01Z","timestamp":1788177421813,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"NeilMed Pharmaceuticals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) enjoys high success rates, but repopulation with pathogenic bacteria is 1 of the hallmarks of poorer outcomes. There are many hypothesized sources of repopulating bacteria; however, this process remains largely unexplored. This study examined changes in the sinus microbiome after ESS and medical therapies to identify potential sources for postsurgical microbial repopulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples from the anterior nares, ethmoid sinus, and nasopharynx were taken at the time of surgery from 13 subjects undergoing ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Patients were treated postoperatively with 2 weeks of oral antibiotics and saline rinses. The ethmoid sinus was sampled at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively; microbiota were characterized using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. The Morisita\u2010Horn beta\u2010diversity index (M\u2010H) was used to compare similarity between samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The bacterial burden of the ethmoid was higher 2 weeks postoperatively than 6 weeks postoperatively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01). The 6\u2010week samples most closely represented the anterior nares and ethmoid at surgery (M\u2010H = 0.58 and 0.59, respectively), and were least similar to the nasopharynx (M\u2010H = 0.28). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots illustrate that the ethmoid microbiota temporarily shifted after surgery and antibiotics but returned toward baseline in many subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial communities colonizing the ethmoid 6 weeks postoperatively were most similar to anterior nasal cavity and pretreatment sinus microbial profiles, indicating a high degree of resilience in the sinonasal microbiome of most subjects. Interestingly, surgery and postoperative antibiotic therapy does not appear to reduce bacterial burden, but rather, shifts the microbial consortia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1442834883000},"page":"34-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Investigation of bacterial repopulation after sinus surgery and perioperative antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Leah J.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado  Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases University of Colorado  Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd T.","family":"Kingdom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Colorado  Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiome Research Consortium University of Colorado  Aurora CO"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics University of Colorado  Boulder CO"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology University of Colorado  Boulder CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases University of Colorado  Boulder CO"},{"name":"The Microbiome Research Consortium University of Colorado  Aurora CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay 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