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The objective of our study was to determine the effects of the exposure of oak pollens (<jats:italic>Quercusmongolica<\/jats:italic>) to several concentrations of NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pollen grains were exposed to 0.5 ppm to 5.0 ppm NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> for 4 hours and assessed for morphological damage by field emission scanning electron microscopy and for viability using the trypan blue stain. Morphological changes in pollen grains were also examined after contact with acid solutions at pH 4.0 to pH 7.0.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> significantly damaged pollen grains at all concentrations investigated, compared to exposure to air; with exposure to concentrations of 0.5 ppm to 2 ppm resulting in fissures or complete breaks in the exine and a concentration of 5 ppm resulting in complete breakdown and release of pollen cytoplasmic granules. Significantly greater amounts of pollen grain were damaged after exposure to SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (15.5\u201320.4%) than after exposure to NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (7.1\u201314.7%). Similarly, exposure to NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> significantly decreased the viability of pollen grains, compared with exposure to air; with SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> being slightly more detrimental than NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Exposure to acid solutions also induced pollen damage, which appeared to be pH\u2010dependent (from 24.6% at pH 6.0 to 55.8% at pH 4.0; compared to 3.8% at pH 7.0).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short\u2010term exposure of oak pollen to high concentrations of SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> or NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> significantly increases their fragility and disruption, leading to subsequent release of pollen cytoplasmic granules into the atmosphere. These results suggest that heightened air pollution during the oak pollen season may possibly increase the incidence of allergic airway disease in sensitized individuals by facilitating the bioavailability of airborne pollen allergens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T20:42:03Z","timestamp":1441226523000},"page":"95-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide on viability and morphology of oak pollen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing TongRen Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Allergy Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering University of Yamanashi  Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erzhong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy Beijing TongRen Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Allergy Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mineral dust and NOx promote the conversion of SO2 to sulfate in heavy pollution days","volume":"4","author":"He H","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Impact of air pollution on floral morphology of Cassia siamea Lamk","volume":"25","author":"Chauhan SV","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Environ Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077527"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.055681"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es300871b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0488737"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000095296"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000099079"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Beijing: a time series study","volume":"28","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000091600"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000080039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e318205ab44"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2008.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Acid rain and its ecological consequences","volume":"29","author":"Singh A","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Environ Biol"}],"container-title":["International Forum of Allergy &amp; 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