{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T21:35:05Z","timestamp":1783287305485,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008523","name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008523","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endoscopic sinus surgery represents a cornerstone in the professional development of otorhinolaryngology trainees. Mastery of these surgical skills requires an understanding of paranasal sinus and skull\u2010base anatomy. The frontal sinus is associated with a wide range of variation and complex anatomical configuration, and thus represents an important challenge for all trainees performing endoscopic sinus surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010five otorhinolaryngology trainees and 20 medical school students from 5 academic institutions were enrolled and randomized into 1 of 2 groups. Each subject underwent learning of frontal recess anatomy with both traditional 2\u2010dimensional (2D) learning methods using a standard Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) viewing software (RadiAnt Dicom Viewer Version 1.9.16) and 3\u2010dimensional (3D) learning utilizing a novel preoperative virtual planning software (Scopis Building Blocks), with one half learning with the 2D method first and the other half learning with the 3D method first. Four questionnaires that included a total of 20 items were scored for subjects\u2019 self\u2010assessment on knowledge of frontal recess and frontal sinus drainage pathway anatomy following each learned modality. A 2\u2010sample Wilcoxon rank\u2010sum test was used in the statistical analysis comparing the 2 groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most trainees (89%) believed that the virtual 3D planning software significantly improved their understanding of the spatial orientation of the frontal sinus drainage pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incorporation of virtual 3D planning surgical software may help augment trainees\u2019 understanding and spatial orientation of the frontal recess and sinus anatomy. The potential increase in trainee proficiency and comprehension theoretically may translate to improved surgical skill and patient outcomes and in reduced surgical time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T13:40:17Z","timestamp":1476798017000},"page":"143-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Educational utility of advanced three\u2010dimensional virtual imaging in evaluating the anatomical configuration of the frontal recess"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Abib","family":"Agbetoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Allergy and Sinus Center  Cypress TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Keat","family":"Siow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National University Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Senior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of North Carolina School of Medicine  Chapel Hill NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornel","family":"Szczygielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Division of Cranio Maxillo\u2010Facial Surgery  Military Institute of Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Citardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"AgbetobaAA AmberUL CitardiMJ.Radiographic review of frontal recess anatomy. January 2015.https:\/\/vimeo.com\/153712415. 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