{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1792468534098,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]],"date-time":"2017-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC013588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC013588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sinonasal bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) contribute to upper airway innate immunity and correlate with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) clinical outcomes. A subset of T2Rs expressed on sinonasal solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) are activated by denatonium, resulting in a calcium\u2010mediated secretion of bactericidal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in neighboring ciliated epithelial cells. We hypothesized that there is patient variability in the amount of bacterial killing induced by different concentrations of denatonium and that the differences correlate with CRS clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial growth inhibition was quantified after mixing bacteria with airway surface liquid (ASL) collected from denatonium\u2010stimulated sinonasal air\u2010liquid interface (ALI) cultures. Patient ASL bacterial killing at 0.1 mM denatonium and baseline characteristics and sinus surgery outcomes were compared between these populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is variability in the degree of denatonium\u2010induced bacterial killing between patients. In CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), patients with increased bacterial killing after stimulation with low levels of denatonium undergo significantly more functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESSs) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.037) and have worse 6\u2010month post\u2010FESS 22\u2010item Sino\u2010Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT\u201022) scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial killing after stimulation with low levels of denatonium correlates with number of prior FESS and postoperative SNOT\u201022 scores in CRSwNP. Some symptoms of CRS in patients with hyperresponsiveness to low levels of denatonium may be due to increased airway immune activity or inherent disease severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]],"date-time":"2017-05-24T00:53:59Z","timestamp":1495587239000},"page":"699-704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Denatonium\u2010induced sinonasal bacterial killing may play a role in chronic rhinosinusitis outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Carey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Workman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia 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Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nithin D.","family":"Adappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine  Philadelphia 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