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In subsequent in\u2010vitro investigations, we examined the influence of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on human sinonasal epithelial cells\u2019 (HSNECs) ability to regulate DC functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sinonasal tissue, blood, and hair were collected from patients undergoing sinus surgery. Smoking status and ETS exposure were determined by hair nicotine. DC subsets were examined by flow cytometric analysis. Monocyte\u2010derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were treated with conditioned medium from non\u2010smoked\u2010exposed HSNECs (NS\u2010HSNECs) or cigarette\u2010smoke\u2010extract\u2010exposed HSNECs (CSE\u2010HSNECs) to assess the impact of CSE exposure on HSNEC regulation of moDC functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Control subjects who were active smokers displayed increased sinonasal moDC and myeloid dendritic 1 (mDC1) cells and reduced mDC2 cells, whereas, in CRSwNP patients, only moDC and mDC2 cells were altered. ETS was found to increase only moDCs in the CRSwNP patients. In vitro, CSE stimulated HSNEC secretion of the moDC regulatory products chemokine (C\u2010C motif) ligand 20, prostaglandin E\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and granulocyte\u2010macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor. CSE exposure also promoted HSNECs to stimulate monocyte and moDC migration. moDCs treated with CSE\u2010HSNEC media stimulated an increase in antigen uptake and expression of CD80 and CD86. Last, CSE\u2010HSNEC\u2010treated moDCs secreted increased levels of interleukin\u201010, interferon\u2010\u03b3, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Active smoking, and to a lesser degree ETS, alters the sinonasal composition of DCs. A potential mechanism to account for this is that cigarette smoke stimulates HSNECs to induce moDC migration, maturation, and activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,2]],"date-time":"2017-06-02T09:56:39Z","timestamp":1496397399000},"page":"777-785","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Impact of tobacco smoke on upper airway dendritic cell accumulation and regulation by sinonasal epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan P.","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary M.","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney J.","family":"Schlosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head &amp; Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"},{"name":"Ralph H. 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