{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T20:58:20Z","timestamp":1762376300502},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"ENT Technologies Pty Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carrageenans have shown to reduce the viral load in nasal secretions and lower the incidence of secondary infections in children with common cold. Despite the widespread use of carrageenans in topical applications, the effect of carrageenans on the sinonasal epithelial barrier has not been elucidated. We investigate the effect of different carrageenans on the sinonasal epithelial barrier and inflammatory response in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iota and Kappa carrageenan delivered in saline irrigation solutions applied to air\u2010liquid interface (ALI) cultures of primary human nasal epithelial cells from chronic rhinosinusitis patients and controls. Epithelial barrier structure was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and immunolocalization of F actin. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF), toxicity, and inflammatory response was studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kappa or Iota carrageenan in the different solutions was not toxic, did not have detrimental effects on epithelial barrier structure and CBF. Rather, application of Kappa carrageenan significantly increased TEER and suppressed interleukin 6 (IL\u20106) secretion in ALI cultures from CRS patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kappa or Iota carrageenan solution was safe and did not negatively affect epithelial barrier function. Kappa carrageenan increased TEER and decreased IL\u20106 production in CRS patients, indicating positive effects on epithelial barrier function in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T15:58:39Z","timestamp":1507823919000},"page":"1170-1177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["In vitro safety evaluation of human nasal epithelial cell monolayers exposed to carrageenan sinus wash"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Ramezanpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery\u2013Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery\u2013Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason L.P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering Flinders University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Vreugde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery\u2013Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alkis James","family":"Psaltis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery\u2013Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Queen Elizabeth Hospital and the University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"260","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Summary health statistics for US adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012","author":"Blackwell DL","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 10"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"CD009274","article-title":"Topical steroid for chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps","author":"Snidvongs K","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Oral corticosteroid therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis: a systematic review","author":"Lal D","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ar.2012.3.0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).CFR \u2010 Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. 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