{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:46:23Z","timestamp":1791387983782,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\/DC013626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\/DC013626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abnormal nasal aerodynamics or trigeminal functions have been frequently implicated in the symptomology of empty nose syndrome (ENS), yet with limited evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual computed tomography (CT)\u2010based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to 27 ENS patients to simulate their nasal aerodynamics and compared with 42 healthy controls. Patients\u2019 symptoms were confirmed with Empty Nose Syndrome 6\u2010item Questionnaire (ENS6Q), 22\u2010item Sino\u2010Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT\u201022), and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores. Nasal trigeminal sensitivity was measured with menthol lateralization detection thresholds (LDTs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ENS patients had significantly lower (\u223c25.7%) nasal resistance and higher (\u223c2.8 times) cross\u2010sectional areas compared to healthy controls (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Despite inferior turbinate reductions, CFD analysis demonstrated that ENS patients had increased airflow concentrated in the middle meatus region (66.5% \u00b1 18.3%) compared to healthy controls (49.9% \u00b1 15.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). Significantly less airflow (25.8% \u00b1 17.6%) and lower peak wall shear stress (WSS) (0.58 \u00b1 0.24 Pa) were found in the inferior meatus (vs healthy: 36.5% \u00b1 15.9%; 1.18 \u00b1 0.81 Pa, both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), with the latter significantly correlated with the symptom scores of ENS6Q (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.398,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003). Item\u2010wise, complaints of \u201csuffocation\u201d and \u201cnose feels too open\u201d were also found to be significantly correlated with peak WSS around the inferior turbinate (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.295,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.031; and\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.388,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004, respectively). These correlations were all negative, indicating that less air\u2010mucosal stimulations resulted in worse symptom scores. ENS patients (n = 12) also had impaired menthol LDT when compared to healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first CFD examination of nasal aerodynamics in a large cohort of ENS patients. The results indicated that a combination of loss of neural sensitivity and poorer inferior air\u2010mucosal stimulation may potentially lead to ENS symptomology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T08:28:43Z","timestamp":1511339323000},"page":"444-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Investigation of the abnormal nasal aerodynamics and trigeminal functions among empty nose syndrome patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8379-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"McGhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Ciccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhakthi","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund A.","family":"Pribitkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery The Ohio State University  Columbus OH"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University  Columbus 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