{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:39:34Z","timestamp":1781649574568,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There has been little investigation regarding air quality and rhinitis in the pathophysiology of upper airway disease. In this study, we assessed the impact of inhalant pollutants (particulate matter 2.5 [PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>] and black carbon [BC]) on allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) disease severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRS patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without polyps (CRSsNP) were identified. Spatial modeling from pollutant monitoring sites was used to estimate exposures for patients meeting the inclusion criteria (total, n = 125; CRSsNP, n = 67; CRSsNP, n = 58). Skin\u2010prick, intradermal dilutional, and in\u2010vitro testing methods were utilized to determine aeroallergen sensitization. Disease severity indicators were measured by modified Lund\u2010Mackay score (LMS), the 22\u2010item Sino\u2010Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT\u201022), systemic steroid therapy, and number of functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010six percent (n = 45) of patients who described rhinitis symptoms demonstrated no reactivity to aeroallergen testing. Sixty\u2010four percent (n = 80) tested positive for at least 1 allergen, with no differences found between CRSsNP and CRSwNP (62.1% vs 67.2%). There were significant differences in air pollutants between patients testing negative and positive for allergies (nonallergic vs allergic: PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, 11.32 vs 11.07 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.030; BC, 0.81 vs 0.76 absorbance, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =0.044). Nonallergic CRSwNP demonstrated higher PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> compared with allergic counterparts (11.48 vs 11.09 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.032). A similar pattern was observed with BC (0.82 vs 0.75 absorbance, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.017). In CRSsNP, BC correlated significantly with SNOT\u201022 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.55, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.042).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that small inhalant pollutants may contribute to nonallergic symptomatology in patients with and without nasal polyps. Regardless of allergy status, BC may play a role in CRS symptom severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T10:22:51Z","timestamp":1512987771000},"page":"369-376","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The association of air pollutants and allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in chronic rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Leila J.","family":"Mady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah L.","family":"Schwarzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Boudreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8411-6806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Kaffenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Willson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology San Antonio Military Medical Center Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences  San Antonio TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella E.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2008.29.3179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814561600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Allergic and non\u2010allergic rhinitis: relationship with nasal polyposis, asthma and family history","volume":"34","author":"Gelardi M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60829-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21695_c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"26","author":"Bakhshaee M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2017.31.4394"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.239.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0351OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03776.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.083576"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency.Particulate matter (PM) basics.https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pm-pollution\/particulate-matter-pm-basics#PM. 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