{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T21:02:11Z","timestamp":1789938131691,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laboratoire de la Mer"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations have greatly improved the understanding of nasal physiology. We postulate that simulating the entire and repeated respiratory nasal cycles, within the whole sinonasal cavities, is mandatory to gather more accurate observations and better understand airflow patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 3\u2010dimensional (3D) sinonasal model was constructed from a healthy adult computed tomography (CT) scan which discretized in 6.6 million cells (mean volume, 0.008 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). CFD simulations were performed with ANSYS\u00a9FluentTMv16.0.0 software with transient and turbulent airflow (k\u2010\u03c9 model). Two respiratory cycles (8 seconds) were simulated to assess pressure, velocity, wall shear stress, and particle residence time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pressure gradients within the sinus cavities varied according to their place of connection to the main passage. Alternations in pressure gradients induced a slight pumping phenomenon close to the ostia but no movement of air was observed within the sinus cavities. Strong movements were observed within the inferior meatus during expiration contrary to the inspiration, as in the olfactory cleft at the same time. Particle residence time was longer during expiration than inspiration due to nasal valve resistance, as if the expiratory phase was preparing the next inspiratory phase. Throughout expiration, some particles remained in contact with the lower turbinates. The posterior part of the olfactory cleft was gradually filled with particles that did not leave the nose at the next respiratory cycle. This pattern increased as the respiratory cycle was repeated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CFD is more efficient and reliable when the entire respiratory cycle is simulated and repeated to avoid losing information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T13:39:14Z","timestamp":1516109954000},"page":"676-685","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Numerical simulation of two consecutive nasal respiratory cycles: toward a better understanding of nasal physiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ludovic","family":"de Gabory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department University Hospital of Bordeaux  H\u00f4pital Pellegrin Bordeaux France"},{"name":"Centre d'Investigation Clinique et d'Innovation Technologique de Bordeaux (CIC\u2010IT 14\u201001) University Hospital of Bordeaux  France"},{"name":"University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Reville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Department University Hospital of Bordeaux  H\u00f4pital Pellegrin Bordeaux France"},{"name":"University of Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Baux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OPTIFLUIDES Computational Fluid Dynamics Unit  Villeurbanne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Boisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OPTIFLUIDES Computational Fluid Dynamics Unit  Villeurbanne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Bordenave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Investigation Clinique et d'Innovation Technologique de 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