{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:57:52Z","timestamp":1784735872828,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"JFE (The Japanese Foundation for Research and Promotion of Endoscopy) Grant"},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","award":["H26-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H26-"]}]},{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","award":["H27-Research on measures for intractable dis"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H27-Research on measures for intractable dis"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) often results in decreased olfaction. In this study, we examined the relationship between nasal polyp location and olfactory airflow and odorant transport changes using virtual nasal polyp models at different locations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. We also compared olfactory airflow and olfaction between patients with nasal polyps at different locations using CFD analysis and an olfactory test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasal computed tomography images were used to generate a normal model and 4 virtual nasal polyp models based on polyp locations, including the olfactory region (all\u2010olfactory model), the region anterior to the olfactory region (preolfactory model), the middle meatus (middle\u2010meatus model), and the superior meatus (superior\u2010meatus model). Various airflow parameters were compared between these models and a normal model without polyps. We then performed a similar comparison between the 3\u2010dimensional (3D) reconstruction models of patients with nasal polyps, and retrospectively investigated the correlation between olfaction and nasal polyp location in those patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Virtual nasal polyp analysis revealed dispersion of olfactory airflow in the all\u2010olfactory model. Olfactory airflow and odorant transport showed maximum decrease in the preolfactory model and a slight decrease in the superior\u2010meatus model. Olfactory airflow by polyps was further decreased by blockade of the olfactory airflow inlet than of the outlet. The findings obtained by patients corresponded well to those of the virtual polyp analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory airflow and olfaction are differentially affected by nasal polyp location. This finding is important for planning polyp\u2010removal surgeries from the perspective of improving patient olfaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T16:54:34Z","timestamp":1517590474000},"page":"695-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Influence of the location of nasal polyps on olfactory airflow and olfaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hironobu","family":"Nishijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Gifu College  Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Saitama Medical Center Saitama Medical University  Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Kikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Mizushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Yamasoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200311000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2006.20.2848"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21272"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2012.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2011.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01118.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3766"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200003000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.8.861"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjs039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065898780182390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000049081"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjn022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjh190"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.5.2273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2006.20.2890"}],"container-title":["International Forum of Allergy &amp; 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