{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:41:15Z","timestamp":1773297675006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007623","name":"School of Medicine, Emory University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007623","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The endocannabinoid system represents a highly conserved, innate signaling network with direct and indirect control of eicosanoid\u2010mediated inflammation. Activation of the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) leads to decreased type 2 inflammation and reduced production of arachidonic acid (AA). Given that altered AA metabolism is associated with aspirin\u2010exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), we hypothesized that expression of the CB2R gene <jats:italic>CNR2<\/jats:italic> is increased in AERD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nasal polyps from consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for AERD or allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) were prospectively evaluated. Control sphenoid mucosa was collected from patients undergoing endoscopic skull base procedures. Expression and localization of endocannabinoid receptors were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcript\u2013polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2010PCR) and immunohistochemistry. A 2\u2010group unpaired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test with unequal variances was used to evaluate group differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirteen subjects were included in this pilot study, including 5 controls, 5 AFRS patients, and 3 AERD patients. Upregulated expression of <jats:italic>CNR2<\/jats:italic> was detected in subjects with AERD vs both AFRS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.049) and controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.047), with a mean increase of 5.2\u2010fold. No significant differences in expression of the CB1R gene <jats:italic>CNR1<\/jats:italic> were detected between control and AFRS groups. Immunohistochemistry predominantly localized CB1R and CB2R expression to the surface epithelium in all subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The endocannabinoid system is an emerging immunomodulatory network that may be involved in AERD. This is the first study of CB2R in sinonasal disease, showing significantly increased transcription in nasal polyps from subjects with AERD. Additional study is warranted to further evaluate the contribution and therapeutic potential of this novel finding in chronic rhinosinusitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T16:10:37Z","timestamp":1529079037000},"page":"1184-1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Endocannabinoid receptor CB2R is significantly expressed in aspirin\u2010exacerbated respiratory disease: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alessia","family":"Corrado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Battle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. Eun\u2010Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Guidot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"DelGaudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5861-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of AERD in patients with diagnosis of asthma identified with a symptom\u2010based assessment questionnaire","author":"Akenroye A","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2012.33.3541"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"Revision rates after endoscopic sinus surgery: a recurrence analysis","volume":"120","author":"Mendelsohn D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013508"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2014-0486OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RU0115-021R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399409000957"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161954"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411100508"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21695_c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Expression of the endocannabinoid receptors in human fascial tissue","volume":"60","author":"Fede C","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0845-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21969"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.008"},{"issue":"609","key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The impact of the CB2\u201063 polymorphism on the histological presentation of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"21","author":"Coppola N","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.09.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"S78","article-title":"Potent anti\u2010inflammatory and pro\u2010resolving effects of anabasum in a human model of self\u2010resolving acute inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Motwani MP","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["International Forum of Allergy &amp; 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