{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:35:49Z","timestamp":1759962949649,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102017R1D1A1B03032768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102017R1D1A1B03032768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002648","name":"Catholic University of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMCDJ\u2010P\u20102017\u2010016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMCDJ\u2010P\u20102017\u2010016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) has been linked to aggravation of various health problems. Although the effects of UPM on the lower respiratory tract have been extensively studied, more research is required on the impact of UPM on the upper respiratory tract and the underlying mechanisms. Thus, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of UPM on cultured human nasal fibroblasts, the underlying signaling pathways involved, and changes in cytokine levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human turbinate tissue specimens were collected during partial turbinectomies performed on 6 patients, and then cultured. The effect of UPM on nasal fibroblast viability was explored. Real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA levels of genes encoding cytokines and chemokines (interleukin [IL]\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1) before and after 24 hours of UPM treatment. Enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays were employed to measure IL\u20106 and IL\u20108 levels. The status of the p38 and nuclear factor (NF)\u2010\u03baB signaling pathways was analyzed by Western blotting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>UPM reduced cell viability in a dose\u2010dependent manner and increased IL\u20106 and IL\u20108 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. UPM induced the phosphorylation of p38 and NF\u2010\u03baB p65; inhibitors of the actions of these proteins repressed phosphorylation and the expression of IL\u20106 and IL\u20108.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>UPM induced IL\u20106 and IL\u20108 expression by fibroblasts via p38 and NF\u2010\u03baB classical signaling, suggesting that UPM can induce or aggravate allergic and\/or chronic rhinitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T17:10:23Z","timestamp":1530897023000},"page":"993-1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The effect of urban particulate matter on cultured human nasal fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dong Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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