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Although increased accumulation of M2 macrophages has been demonstrated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), particularly the eosinophilic type, their functional relevance in CRSwNP remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>M1 and M2 macrophages and IL\u201010 expression in sinonasal tissues were detected by double\u2010immunofluorescence staining. THP\u20101 cells, a human monocytic leukemia cell line, were stimulated with various cytokines to study macrophage polarization and IL\u201010 expression. Polyp size, computed tomography (CT) scans, and symptom severity were scored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with numbers in control tissues, the numbers of total CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages, interferon regulatory factor 5\u2013positive and CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> M1 macrophages, and CD163<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD206<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> M2 macrophages were increased in both eosinophilic and non\u2010eosinophilic polyps. However, compared with non\u2010eosinophilic polyps, eosinophilic polyps contained fewer M1 macrophages and more M2 macrophages. Consistent with this, the M1\/M2 macrophage ratio was increased in non\u2010eosinophilic polyps, whereas it decreased in eosinophilic polyps. Strikingly, the numbers of IL\u201010<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages and the percentage of IL\u201010<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages relative to the total number of macrophages were decreased in eosinophilic polyps, despite the upregulation of M2 macrophages in this type of polyp. The number of IL\u201010<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD68<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> M2 macrophages correlated negatively with total symptoms scores, polyp sizes, total CT scores, and the total number of inflammatory cells in patients with eosinophilic CRSwNP. Poly I:C downregulated IL\u201010 expression in M2 macrophages differentiated from THP\u20101 cells in vitro.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impaired IL\u201010 production by M2 macrophages may contribute to sustained inflammation in eosinophilic CRSwNP.vv<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T15:33:23Z","timestamp":1538753603000},"page":"1323-1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Deficiency in interleukin\u201010 production by M2 macrophages in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zhi\u2010Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and 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