{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:09:19Z","timestamp":1790878159927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common problem, affecting up to 20% of the general population. Previous studies identified olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with OD in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) but not in a healthy population. In this study we aimed to identify olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with olfaction in individuals without sinus disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects free of sinus disease completed medical history questionnaires that collected data regarding demographics, comorbidities, and past exposures. Olfactory testing was performed using Sniffin\u2019 Sticks, evaluating threshold, discrimination, and identification. Olfactory cleft mucus (OC) and, in select cases, inferior turbinate mucus (IT) were collected with Leukosorb paper and assays performed for 17 proteins, including growth factors, cytokines\/chemokines, cell\u2010cycle regulators, and odorant\u2010binding protein (OBP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty\u2010six subjects were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 47.8 (standard deviation [SD], 17.6) years, including 33 females (58.9%). The average threshold\/discrimination\/identification (TDI) score was 30.3 (SD, 6.4). In localization studies, OBP concentrations were significantly higher in OC than IT mucus (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006). Cyclin\u2010dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A\/p16INK4a), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2\/MCP\u20101), granulocyte macrophage colony\u2010stimulating factor (GM\u2010CSF), and chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20\/MIP\u20103a) all inversely correlated with overall TDI (all rho \u2265 \u20100.479,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.004). Stem cell factor (SCF) correlated positively with overall TDI (rho = 0.510,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Placement of Leukosorb paper is relatively site\u2010specific for olfactory proteins and it is feasible to collect a variety of olfactory cleft proteins that correlate with olfactory function. Further study is required to determine mechanisms of OD in non\u2010CRS subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:19:42Z","timestamp":1566555582000},"page":"1151-1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with olfactory dysfunction in a cohort without chronic rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary M.","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina A.","family":"Storck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jensine M.","family":"Lamira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney N.","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tegan E.","family":"Noonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina School of Medicine  Columbia SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McLeod Regional Medical Center  Florence SC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney J.","family":"Schlosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Medical University of South Carolina  Charleston SC"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Ralph H. 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