{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:18:32Z","timestamp":1779916712964,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010101","name":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCVGH\u20101077314C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH\u20101077314C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigates the effect of olfactory training on odor identification in patients with traumatic anosmia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with a clear history of loss of smell after head injury, and whose phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) odor detection thresholds remained at \u20131 after steroid and zinc treatment, were included in this study between July 2016 and July 2018. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, with patients in the 4\u2010odorant group given 4 bottles of PEA, lemon, eucalyptus, and clove oils and those in the PEA group given a bottle of PEA for 6\u2010month olfactory training. After 3\u2010month and 6\u2010month training, the olfactory function was evaluated by both the PEA threshold test and the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT\u2010TC). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to measure the volume of olfactory bulbs after training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 45 patients completing 4\u2010odorant training and another 45 completing PEA training. The birhinal PEA threshold decreased significantly in both groups after 6\u2010month training, but the decrease was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The UPSIT\u2010TC score increased significantly in the PEA group but not in the 4\u2010odorant group. The volume of olfactory bulbs was not significantly different between these 2 groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that olfactory training can slightly improve odor threshold levels in patients with traumatic anosmia, but did not improve the odor identification ability. Nevertheless, clinical improvement or benefit in quality of life from olfactory training needs further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T15:38:42Z","timestamp":1566401922000},"page":"1244-1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The effect of olfactory training on odor identification in patients with traumatic anosmia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong\u2010San","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Rong Hsing Research Center For Translational Medicine National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih\u2010Wen","family":"Twu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2530-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai\u2010Li","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(01)00118-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200012000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.3.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.177.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Effect of zinc sulfate on sensorineural olfactory disorder","volume":"538","author":"Aiba T","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-010-1240-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815571272"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24390"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2017.31.4466"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27832"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550210061014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3388"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25245"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin15.264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014556131209100508"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5230"}],"container-title":["International Forum of Allergy &amp; 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