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However, data regarding interactions with pathogenic bacteria within the sinuses are lacking. The purpose of this study is to assess the interaction between <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> and patient\u2010derived <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, an opportunistic pathogen in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Commercially available probiotic suspension containing <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> W136 was grown in an anaerobic chamber and colonies were isolated. Colonies were co\u2010cultured with patient\u2010derived <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> strains in the presence of porcine gastric mucin (mimicking human mucus) for 72 hours. <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> cultures without <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> served as controls. Colony forming units (CFUs) were compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolates collected from 5 CRS patients (3 isolates from cystic fibrosis [CF], 1 mucoid strain) and laboratory strain PAO1 were co\u2010cultured with <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>. There was no statistical difference in CFUs of 5 <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolates grown with <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> compared to CFUs without presence of <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic>. CFU counts were much higher when the mucoid strain was co\u2010cultured with <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> (CFU<jats:italic><jats:sub>+L.lactis<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 1.9 \u00d7 108 \u00b1 1.44 \u00d7 107, CFU<jats:italic><jats:sub>\u2013L.lactis<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 1.3 \u00d7 108 \u00b1 8.9 \u00d7 106, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01, n = 7). <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> suppressed the growth of 1 <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> strain (CFU<jats:italic><jats:sub>+L.lactis<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 2.15 \u00d7 108 \u00b1 2.9 \u00d7 107, CFU<jats:italic><jats:sub>\u2013L.lactis<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 3.95 \u00d7 108 \u00b1 4.8 \u00d7 106, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03, n = 7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> suppressed the growth of 1 patient <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolate and induced growth of another (a mucoid strain) in in vitro co\u2010culture setting in the presence of mucin. Further experiments are required to assess the underlying interactions between <jats:italic>L. lactis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T12:46:26Z","timestamp":1578660386000},"page":"444-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The impact of <i>Lactococcus lactis<\/i> (probiotic nasal rinse) co\u2010culture on growth of patient\u2010derived strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do\u2010Yeon","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"},{"name":"Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Jin","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Mclemore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor G","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Swords","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K","family":"Crossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica W.","family":"Grayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Alabama at 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