{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:00:18Z","timestamp":1792461618915,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2010coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019), is responsible for the largest pandemic since the 1918 influenza A virus subtype H1N1 influenza outbreak. The symptoms presently recognized by the World Health Organization are cough, fever, tiredness, and difficulty breathing. Patient\u2010reported smell and taste loss has been associated with COVID\u201019 infection, yet no empirical olfactory testing on a cohort of COVID\u201019 patients has been performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), a well\u2010validated 40\u2010odorant test, was administered to 60 confirmed COVID\u201019 inpatients and 60 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls to assess the magnitude and frequency of their olfactory dysfunction. A mixed effects analysis of variance determined whether meaningful differences in test scores existed between the 2 groups and if the test scores were differentially influenced by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty\u2010nine (98%) of the 60 patients exhibited some smell dysfunction (mean [95% CI] UPSIT score: 20.98 [19.47, 22.48]; controls: 34.10 [33.31, 34.88];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). Thirty\u2010five of the 60 patients (58%) were either anosmic (15\/60; 25%) or severely microsmic (20\/60; 33%); 16 exhibited moderate microsmia (16\/60; 27%), 8 mild microsmia (8\/60; 13%), and 1 normosmia (1\/60; 2%). Deficits were evident for all 40 UPSIT odorants. No meaningful relationships between the test scores and sex, disease severity, or comorbidities were found.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantitative smell testing demonstrates that decreased smell function, but not always anosmia, is a major marker for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and suggests the possibility that smell testing may help, in some cases, to identify COVID\u201019 patients in need of early treatment or quarantine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T03:55:31Z","timestamp":1587095731000},"page":"944-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":627,"title":["Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shima T.","family":"Moein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed MohammadReza","family":"Hashemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD) Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Mansourafshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD) Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khorram\u2010Tousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Tabarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD) Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Doty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"Sudden and complete olfactory loss function as a possible symptom of COVID\u201019","author":"Eliezer M","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"[The Covid\u201019 pandemic and otolaryngology: what it comes down to?]","volume":"99","author":"Luers JC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","article-title":"Loss of smell and taste in combination with other symptoms is a strong predictor of COVID\u201019 infection","author":"Menni C","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","article-title":"Coincidence of COVID\u201019 epidemic and olfactory dysfunction outbreak","author":"Bagheri SHR","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","article-title":"Self\u2010reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 patients: a cross\u2010sectional study","author":"Giacomelli A","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","article-title":"Association of chemosensory dysfunction and Covid\u201019 in patients presenting with influenza\u2010like symptoms","author":"Yan CH","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"ENT Health. 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