{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:05:00Z","timestamp":1787933100434,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI132590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI132590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interleukin 13 (IL\u201013) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and other type 2 inflammation\u2013related diseases. Increased IL\u201013 expression can elicit several pro\u2010inflammatory effects, including eosinophilia, and pathology such as increased mucus secretion. Polypogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be caused by hypoxia, which can also lead to hyperpermeability of airway epithelium and epithelium\u2010to\u2010mesenchymal translation through the upregulation of hypoxia\u2010associated genes, such as HIF1. Whether T\u2010helper 2 (Th2) inflammatory cytokines, such as IL\u201013, can also induce sinonasal epithelial hypoxia\u2010associated genes is currently unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human air\u2010liquid interface (ALI) sinonasal epithelial cell cultures treated with recombinant IL\u201013 were analyzed by real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry to determine the effect on epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole tissue from CRSwNP subjects showed increased <jats:italic>HIF1A<\/jats:italic> gene expression. Treatment of fully differentiated human ALI cultures with IL\u201013 resulted in a concurrent increase in <jats:italic>HIF1A<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ARNT<\/jats:italic> messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. However, the level of <jats:italic>EPAS1<\/jats:italic> expression was significantly reduced. IL\u201013 also had a dose\u2010dependent response on the expression of HIF genes and the time course experiment showed peak expression of <jats:italic>HIF1A<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ARNT<\/jats:italic> at 5 to 7 days poststimulation. Remarkably, CD73 surface expression also peaked at day 5 poststimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data suggests that IL\u201013 can induce hypoxia signaling pathway genes leading to surface expression of CD73, which has an anti\u2010inflammatory effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T19:29:45Z","timestamp":1594927785000},"page":"1096-1102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Interleukin 13 (IL\u201013) alters hypoxia\u2010associated genes and upregulates CD73"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4346-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Muaz","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine  Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine  Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Kulaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine  Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naina","family":"Gour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Solomon H. 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