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Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) are enriched in nasal polyps, are the primary source of interleukin 25 (IL\u201025) in upper airways, leading to type 2 inflammation, and are activated by bitter\u2010tasting denatonium benzoate (DB). Thus, we sought to evaluate DB taste perception at a range of concentrations in order to identify 1 that most differentiates CRS subgroups from controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRSsNP (n = 25), CRSwNP (n = 26), and AERD (n = 27) patients as well as controls (n = 25) tasted 6 DB concentrations in a fixed, random order, rating on a category scale of 0 (no intensity) to 12 (extremely intense). Sinonasal epithelial cultures were treated with and without denatonium and analyzed for IL\u201025 via flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>CRSsNP patients rated DB as significantly less intense than did controls at all concentrations: 5.62 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20139<\/jats:sup>M, 1.00 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>M, 1.78 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>M, 3.16 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>M, 5.62 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>M, and 1.00 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20137<\/jats:sup>M (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0083). CRSwNP patients did not show significant differences from controls. AERD patients rated DB as significantly more intense than did controls at concentrations of 1.00 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>M and 3.16 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>M (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0083). In vitro data demonstrated significant increase in IL\u201025\u2013positive cells after denatonium stimulation (n = 5), compared to control (n = 5) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.012).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings link in vitro DB stimulation of sinonasal tissue with increased IL\u201025 and show differential DB taste perception in CRS subgroups relative to the control group, with CRSsNP being hyposensitive and AERD being hypersensitive. We propose a concentration of 3.16 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>M for future study of clinical utility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T03:49:28Z","timestamp":1599191368000},"page":"967-975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Denatonium benzoate bitter taste perception in chronic rhinosinusitis subgroups"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Civantos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivy W.","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cailu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Hui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick K.","family":"Gleeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Colquitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly J.","family":"Cowart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Bosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nithin D.","family":"Adappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8399-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Kohanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle R.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noam A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"},{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center  Philadelphia PA"},{"name":"Michael J. 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