{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:15:00Z","timestamp":1783566900407,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81800884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19ykpy70"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19ykpy70"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) in the murine nasal epithelium are discrete specialized cells that respond to irritants and activate trigeminal nerve fibers through the release of acetylcholine (ACh), resulting in local neurogenic inflammation. In addition to releasing ACh, SCCs are the exclusive epithelial source of interleukin (IL)\u201025. In humans, SCCs are significantly expanded in sinonasal polyps (NPs). However, the SCC\u2010trigeminal synapse has yet to be demonstrated in human sinonasal epithelium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunofluorescence for trigeminal nerve fiber markers, nicotinic ACh receptors (nChR), and SCC markers was performed in vibratome sections from polyp and healthy turbinate tissue. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence of cultured epithelial cells were used to evaluate the expansion of SCCs. Last, intracellular calcium imaging was used to demonstrate cholinergic signaling in sinonasal epithelial cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Calcitonin gene\u2012related peptide (CGRP) immunostaining was used to identify cholinergic nerve endings, which were only evident in sections from the inferior turbinate and intertwined with SCCs (\u03b1\u2010gustducin\u2012positive cells). CGRP\u2010positive nerve endings were not identified in sections from NPs. Human SCCs expressed nChR as well as the ACh synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase. Live cell calcium imaging demonstrated functionally active cholinergic signaling in discrete sinonasal epithelial cells, consistent with SCCs. Finally, SCC\u2010specific genes were dramatically upregulated with pretreatment with IL\u201013 and nicotinic agonists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>SCCs are innervated by trigeminal nerve endings in healthy turbinate tissue but not in NPs. SCCs express ACh receptors as well as choline acetyltransferase and, in the setting of a type 2 inflammatory environment, denervated SCCs dramatically expand with nicotinic stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T16:20:07Z","timestamp":1602433207000},"page":"877-884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Solitary chemosensory cells are innervated by trigeminal nerve endings and autoregulated by cholinergic receptors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"},{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li Hui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8399-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Kohanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Bosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nithin D.","family":"Adappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noam A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. 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