{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:13:51Z","timestamp":1781702031598,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with persistent COVID\u201019 olfactory dysfunction (OD) commonly report parosmia. Understanding the impact of COVID\u201019 OD and parosmia is critical to prioritizing research and interventions. In this study we investigate the impact of parosmia and other clinical and disease characteristics on health state utility values (HUVs) for those with persistent COVID\u201019 OD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with a history of COVID\u201019 diagnosis and persistent OD were recruited from a tertiary medical center and a social media support forum for chemosensory dysfunction. Clinical characteristics and disease\u2010specific symptoms were obtained along with self\u2010reported history of smell function and presence of parosmia. HUVs were calculated using indirect (EuroQol 5\u2010Dimension [EQ\u20105D]) and direct (VAS) measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study included 286 subjects (75.52% women) with persistent COVID\u201019\u2013related OD. Results (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation) of HUVs based on EQ\u20105D and VAS were 0.81 \u00b1 0.14 and 0.73 \u00b1 0.21, respectively. Mean self\u2010reported smell function (on a 0\u201010 scale) was 9.67\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.25 pre\u2013COVID\u201019, 0.93\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.34 at diagnosis, and 3.39\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.32 at most current assessment. A total of 89.16% of the subjects reported parosmia and 24.13% sought medical care for anosmia. Seeing an MD for OD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), female gender (EQ\u20105D only, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002), a history of chronic pain (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and depression\/anxiety (EQ\u20105D only, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) predicted worse health. Parosmia and persistent symptoms, such as shortness of breath, were associated with lower EQ\u20105D and VAS scores, but did not independently predict poorer health scores on multivariable analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent COVID\u201019 OD results in health states comparable to other chronic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T15:39:08Z","timestamp":1642261148000},"page":"1242-1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clinical factors associated with lower health scores in COVID\u201019\u2013related persistent olfactory dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mena","family":"Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Diego  San Diego CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Diego  San Diego CA"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of California San Diego  San Diego CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie S","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Diego  San Diego CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan E.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Diego  San Diego CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"DeConde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Diego  San Diego CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol H.","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Diego  San Diego CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22820"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22680"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.653516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20955"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.2.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Prevalence of parosmia: the Skovde population\u2010based studies","volume":"45","author":"Nordin S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0157-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Six month follow\u2010up of self\u2010reported loss of smell during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Hopkins C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Parosmia is prevalent and persistent amongst those with COVID\u201019 olfactory dysfunction","volume":"59","author":"Cook E","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(79)90002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj\u20102021\u2010139855"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2010.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29277"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06567-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-004-0796-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22818"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Health related utility measurement: an introduction","volume":"22","author":"Bakker C","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"EQ\u20105D\u20105L user guide.https:\/\/euroqol.org\/publications\/user\u2010guides. 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