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The ability of dupilumab to rapidly improve the sense of smell prior to improvement in polyp size suggests a direct role of IL\u20104\/IL\u201013 receptor signaling in the olfactory epithelium (OE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We created a transgenic mouse model in which IL\u201013 is inducibly expressed specifically within the OE. Gene expression analysis and immunohistology were utilized to characterize the effect of IL\u201013 on the structure of the OE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After induction of olfactory IL\u201013 expression, there is a time\u2010dependent loss of neurons from OE regions, accompanied by a modest inflammatory infiltrate. Horizontal basal cells undergo morphologic changes consistent with activation and demonstrate proliferation. Mucus production and increased expression of eotaxins is observed, with marked expression of Ym2 by sustentacular cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic IL\u201013 exposure has several effects on the OE that are likely to affect function. The neuronal loss is in keeping with other models of allergic type 2 nasal inflammation. Future studies are needed to correlate cellular and molecular alterations in olfactory cell populations with findings in human CRSwNP, as well as to assess olfactory function in behavioral model systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T07:58:28Z","timestamp":1660204708000},"page":"230-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Chronic interleukin\u201013 expression in mouse olfactory mucosa results in regional aneuronal epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7745-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anirudh","family":"Saraswathula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland 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