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In the present study, we aimed to develop a prognostic indicator of patient outcomes by analyzing scanned conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E)\u2010stained slides alone using deep learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An interpretable supervised deep learning model was developed using 185 H&amp;E\u2010stained whole\u2010slide images (WSIs) of nasal polyps, each from a patient randomly selected from the pool of 232 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University (internal cohort). We internally validated the model on a holdout dataset from the internal cohort (47 H&amp;E\u2010stained WSIs) and externally validated the model on 122 H&amp;E\u2010stained WSIs from the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University and the University of Hong Kong\u2010Shenzhen Hospital (external cohort). A poor prognosis score (PPS) was established to evaluate patient outcomes, and then risk activation mapping was applied to visualize the histopathological features underlying PPS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model yielded a patient\u2010level sensitivity of 79.5%, and specificity of 92.3%, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.943, on the multicenter external cohort. The predictive ability of PPS was superior to that of conventional tissue eosinophil number. Notably, eosinophil infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, glandular hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and fibrin deposition were identified as the main underlying features of PPS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our deep learning model is an effective method for decoding pathological images of nasal polyps, providing a valuable solution for disease prognosis prediction and precise patient treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T11:53:47Z","timestamp":1662465227000},"page":"886-898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Deep learning\u2010based prediction of treatment prognosis from nasal polyp histology slides"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kanghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digestive Disease The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology The University of Hong Kong\u2010Shenzhen Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qintai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou 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