{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:54:05Z","timestamp":1789606445473,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Beta\u20102 transferrin (B2\u2010Tf) gel electrophoresis (GE) is the preferred non\u2010invasive diagnostic modality for confirming cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in body fluids. While B2\u2010Tf GE testing is highly sensitive and specific for CSF, false\u2010positive (FP) and false\u2010negative (FN) results can lead to diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Several series have demonstrated potential causes of false B2\u2010Tf GE results, but few studies have reported reasons for these errors. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe sources of B2\u2010Tf GE errors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review was performed by searching OVID, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for B2\u2010Tf GE studies. After applying exclusion criteria, original research studies directly addressing erroneous B2\u2010Tf GE results underwent qualitative analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 243 abstracts screened, 71 underwent full\u2010text review and 18 studies reporting B2\u2010Tf GE errors were included for analysis. There were 15 potential FPs, 12 actual FPs, 12 potential FNs, 19 actual FNs, and 14 indeterminate results. There were also 246 potentially indeterminate results from in vitro studies. Reasons for B2\u2010Tf GE errors included serum transferrin alterations (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a017; all potential), infection related (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013; 9 potential), orbital or salivary contamination (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02; 1 potential), and collection related (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0255; 246 potential). There were 31 false or indeterminate results with unspecified reasons. There were no reported errors due to laboratory processing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple potential or actual reasons for false or indeterminate results have been reported for B2\u2010Tf GE testing of rhinorrhea and otorrhea. Future studies should explore reasons for B2\u2010Tf testing errors and how these may affect clinical decision making.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T14:32:56Z","timestamp":1697898776000},"page":"1016-1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Systematic review of errors on beta\u20102 transferrin gel electrophoresis testing of rhinorrhea and otorrhea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jacob G.","family":"Eide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Henry Ford Health  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Henry Ford Health  Detroit Michigan 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