{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:55:44Z","timestamp":1780372544056,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosing parosmia is a challenge. The present study aimed to explore the distinctions between hyposmic patients with and without parosmia utilizing electroencephalography\u2010derived olfactory event\u2010related potentials (ERP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010four patients with hyposmia were enrolled and divided into a group with parosmia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a023, mean age\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation\u00a0=\u00a048\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014 years, seven men) and a group without parosmia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a021, age\u00a0=\u00a052\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012 years, seven men) based on the clinical interview. Additionally, 21 healthy controls (mean age\u00a0=\u00a045\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014 years, six men) were included. Various measurements were obtained, including the Sniffin\u2019 Stick test, threshold tests for the odorants furfural mercaptan and 2,6\u2010nonadienal, a modified Sniffin\u2019 Stick parosmia test, and well\u2010being ratings. Chemosensory ERPs were recorded separately for each nostril using high\u2010precision, computer\u2010controlled air\u2010dilution olfactometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with parosmia had a decreased olfactory function similar to that observed in patients with hyposmia, although the odor sensitivity of patients with severe parosmia remained relatively unaffected. Patients with parosmia reported a decrease in well\u2010being compared to controls. The severity of parosmia was positively correlated with odor sensitivity. Furthermore, patients with severe parosmia exhibited faster responses to unpleasant odors than patients without parosmia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the present findings support the idea that parosmia predominantly occurs during olfactory recovery, significantly disturbing patients and warranting the development of effective treatments. Notably, the relatively faster responses of hyposmic patients with severe parosmia suggest that the generation of distorted olfactory responses may involve early stages of the processing of olfactory information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T08:04:41Z","timestamp":1712563481000},"page":"1446-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Patients with parosmia respond faster to unpleasant odors than patients with hyposmia: Insights from olfactory event\u2010related potentials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zetian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Bundeswehrkrankenhaus  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Eichwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Bundeswehrkrankenhaus  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"H\u00e4hner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell &amp; Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010016\u20108227\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.3.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000530211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420946254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924221120117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin22.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405\u2010004\u20100796\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bju043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Ueber geruchsstoerungen nach katarrhen der nasenhoehle. 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