{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:19:35Z","timestamp":1772515175533,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), more than 20 million Americans suffer from chronic taste problems. Unfortunately, quantitative testing is rarely performed, self\u2010reports are inaccurate, and \u201ctaste\u201d is often confused with olfaction\u2010dependent flavors. Clearly, a reliable, practical, and norm\u2010based clinical taste test is sorely needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recently developed 53\u2010item Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT) was self\u2010administered by 1392 healthy subjects (493 men and 899 women) spanning the ages of 10\u201394. Normative percentile ranks were developed, and the influences of sex, age, COVID\u201019 infection history, and smoking behavior were evaluated using general linear models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On average, WETT scores declined with age beginning in the 30s and were lower in men than in women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s &lt; 0.0001), with the sex difference most apparent between 40 and 70 years of age. Subtest scores for the five basic taste qualities followed similar age\u2010 and sex\u2010related patterns. No influences of COVID\u201019 history were evident. Smokers had lower salty (NaCl) and bitter (caffeine) WETT scores than nonsmokers. The developed normative tables make it possible to determine a patient's absolute dysfunction score as well as a relative score based on age\u2010 and sex\u2010related percentiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides normative data based on 1392 healthy subjects for interpreting a patient's performance on a reliable self\u2010administered taste test that requires no liquid stimuli or rinses. Its findings support the view that both sex and age are significant determinants of taste function in the general population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T07:50:31Z","timestamp":1745394631000},"page":"934-943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Self\u2010Administered Taste Testing Without Water: Normative Data for the 53\u2010Item Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8378-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard L.","family":"Doty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Sharetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division Sensonics International  Haddon Heights New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6794-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shima T.","family":"Moein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division Sensonics International  Haddon Heights New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013246"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"372","article-title":"Salt Taste Thresholds and Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"108","author":"Wotman S.","year":"1964","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63855-7.00023-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2012.01200.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Impaired Eating\u2010related Quality of Life in Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"9","author":"Othieno F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160216151545"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-27-6-895"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.7.768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001959"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21785"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7589-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8030-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-018-3420-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.10.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLG.0000181462.08683.0C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200310000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2024.114793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318161e53a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjab032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(84)90269-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199603000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjj064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000183194.17484.bb"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2023.2224480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01463-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2021.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.7818"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"Sensonics' Self\u2010Administered Waterless Empircial Taste Test (WETT\u2010SA53) Administration Manual","author":"Doty R. 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