{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:33:46Z","timestamp":1789994026107,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Particulate matter \u2a7d2.5\u00a0\u00b5m in diameter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and its role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) pathogenesis have gained heightened attention. We previously demonstrated that PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure may bias the nasal mucosa in CRS toward a Type 2 inflammatory pathway. However, there are limited data comparing cytokine changes in CRS sinonasal tissue to non\u2010CRS patients as it relates to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure. We hypothesized that long\u2010term exposure preferentially increases the risk of manifesting CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective analysis of 376 patients (308 CRS, 68 controls) who underwent endoscopic sinus or skull base surgery. A spatiotemporal machine\u2010learning model estimated daily PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> levels for 1 year prior to each patient's surgery date. Cytokines were quantified using a multiplex flow cytometric bead assay and compared to estimated PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure using Spearman correlation and multivariate regression. Patients with high and low 12\u2010month PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposures were matched across age, sex, income, and rurality using a nearest neighbor algorithm. Multivariate adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of CRS based on PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reduced IL\u201010 levels were associated with higher PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposures in control patients (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.735, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0196). In exposure\u2010matched logistic regression analysis, high 12\u2010month PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure was an independent predictor of CRSwNP (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.97, OR: 7.22, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0001) after adjustment for age, income, rurality, and comorbid asthma\/allergic rhinitis. A similar relationship was not identified for CRSsNP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure is associated with reduced IL\u201010 in control patients compared to CRS and may increase odds of CRSwNP development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T10:34:41Z","timestamp":1745231681000},"page":"926-933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long\u2010Term Particulate Matter Exposure May Increase Risk of Chronic Rhinosinusitis WIth Nasal Polyposis: Results From an Exposure\u2010Matched Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory J.","family":"Lubner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mason","family":"Krysinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh K.","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin H.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naweed I.","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3716"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22741"},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens W. 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